Hawaii had 6,880 hectares under macadamia cultivation in 2012, with typical spacings between trees ranging from 7.6 to 9.1 meters. Seven varieties were commonly grown, with average in-shell yields of 3.66 metric tons per hectare and shelled kernel yields of 0.79 metric tons per hectare. Key production issues included pests like the macadamia felted coccid and koa seed worm, as well as weather factors like rain levels. Estimated in-shell production was forecast to remain steady at 20,000 metric tons annually through 2022.