Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. The student group conducted an attachment at Nanyang Technological University to learn organic synthesis techniques. They used software like ChemDraw and SciFinder to identify compounds and research chemical reactions. For their project, the group investigated chiral synthesis reactions involving a given compound. They identified the compound, searched for related reactions online, and compiled their findings in a presentation.
Chirality: from particles and nuclei to quantum materials. 仄亳亳亶 丱舒亰亠亠于.Alexander Dubynin
油
This document summarizes a conference on chirality from subatomic particles to quantum materials. It discusses how chirality, the property of handedness, is observed from DNA and amino acids to light polarization and neutrinos. Chiral effects like the chiral magnetic effect are studied in heavy ion collisions and Dirac semimetals. Applications of chirality include graphene-based electronics, photonics and terahertz medical imaging devices for precision cancer surgery guidance.
Este documento presenta una tabla con los partidos programados para el Torneo de Apertura y Clausura 2013-2014 del Campeonato Petrobras de la Primera Divisi坦n de f炭tbol chilena, incluyendo las fechas de los encuentros y los equipos participantes.
Ethambutol is included in first-line tuberculosis therapy due to its efficacy and fewer adverse effects. It has synergistic effects with other anti-tuberculosis drugs and contains two asymmetric carbon atoms, with the D-form being 16 times more active. Ethambutol inhibits the formation of mycolic acid in the cell wall, particularly through inhibiting arabinosyl transferase and preventing polymerization of D-arabinofuranose. Common adverse effects include optic neuritis and color blindness.
Enantiomers are a part and parcel of modern Drug discovery and development. Chiral drugs are largely replacing their earlier racemic as and when found suitable. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
This document provides information on 10 poisonous plants from around the world and 5 poisonous plants found in Pakistan. It discusses the scientific name, common name, distribution, morphology, toxic chemicals and mechanisms of poisoning for each plant. The plants covered include black cherry, hemlock, belladonna, monkshood, white snakeroot and others. Reasons for plant toxicity and some potential medicinal uses are also mentioned.
Perindopril a class of ACE-inhibitor,proven more superior and evidence in favour of CVD Mortality and morbidity including strokes compare to Ramipril with same class of drug
Use of stoichiometric amounts of a chiral source. The usual suspects will be discussed, including borane reagents (mostly pinene derivatives) and the Brown allylation.
Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. The student group conducted an attachment at Nanyang Technological University to learn organic synthesis techniques. They used software like ChemDraw and SciFinder to identify compounds and research chemical reactions. For their project, the group investigated chiral synthesis reactions involving a given compound. They identified the compound, searched for related reactions online, and compiled their findings in a presentation.
Chirality: from particles and nuclei to quantum materials. 仄亳亳亶 丱舒亰亠亠于.Alexander Dubynin
油
This document summarizes a conference on chirality from subatomic particles to quantum materials. It discusses how chirality, the property of handedness, is observed from DNA and amino acids to light polarization and neutrinos. Chiral effects like the chiral magnetic effect are studied in heavy ion collisions and Dirac semimetals. Applications of chirality include graphene-based electronics, photonics and terahertz medical imaging devices for precision cancer surgery guidance.
Este documento presenta una tabla con los partidos programados para el Torneo de Apertura y Clausura 2013-2014 del Campeonato Petrobras de la Primera Divisi坦n de f炭tbol chilena, incluyendo las fechas de los encuentros y los equipos participantes.
Ethambutol is included in first-line tuberculosis therapy due to its efficacy and fewer adverse effects. It has synergistic effects with other anti-tuberculosis drugs and contains two asymmetric carbon atoms, with the D-form being 16 times more active. Ethambutol inhibits the formation of mycolic acid in the cell wall, particularly through inhibiting arabinosyl transferase and preventing polymerization of D-arabinofuranose. Common adverse effects include optic neuritis and color blindness.
Enantiomers are a part and parcel of modern Drug discovery and development. Chiral drugs are largely replacing their earlier racemic as and when found suitable. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
This document provides information on 10 poisonous plants from around the world and 5 poisonous plants found in Pakistan. It discusses the scientific name, common name, distribution, morphology, toxic chemicals and mechanisms of poisoning for each plant. The plants covered include black cherry, hemlock, belladonna, monkshood, white snakeroot and others. Reasons for plant toxicity and some potential medicinal uses are also mentioned.
Perindopril a class of ACE-inhibitor,proven more superior and evidence in favour of CVD Mortality and morbidity including strokes compare to Ramipril with same class of drug
Use of stoichiometric amounts of a chiral source. The usual suspects will be discussed, including borane reagents (mostly pinene derivatives) and the Brown allylation.
Unipril is an antihypertensive medication containing ramipril that is presented as a treatment for hypertension, congestive heart failure, reducing cardiovascular risk, and proteinuric nephropathy. It works by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme, thereby reducing blood pressure. Studies show Unipril reduces cardiovascular events in high-risk patients, provides the highest survival rate among ACE inhibitors for heart attack patients, and offers beneficial effects for diabetic patients by reducing cardiovascular death and events. It also effectively improves parameters in chronic nephropathy and eliminates the need for dialysis with long-term use.
.. DRUGS do something in our body as a result of their molecular structure, which determines:
1. Physicochemical properties
2. Chemical / biochemical reactivity
3. Shape
4. STEREO-CHEMISTRY
Chiral drugs have increased importance in pharmacology. Chirality refers to molecular compounds that are non-superimposable on their mirror images. Enantiomers are pairs of chiral molecules that are mirror images of each other. Only one enantiomer usually produces the desired pharmacological effect, while the other may be inactive or produce adverse effects. Regulatory agencies encourage developing single enantiomer drugs over racemic mixtures due to improved safety, efficacy and reduced variability. Strategies for developing chiral drugs include chiral switching of existing racemates to a single enantiomer or developing a chiral metabolite as a new drug.
The document discusses four generations of asymmetric synthesis techniques:
1) First generation uses a chiral substrate to control the formation of new chiral centers through diastereoselective reactions.
2) Second generation uses a chiral auxiliary covalently attached to the substrate to control asymmetric induction.
3) Third generation uses a chiral reagent or catalyst to induce asymmetry through intermolecular interactions.
4) Fourth generation involves catalytic versions of the first three generations and reactions where two new stereocenters are formed in one step, often using a chiral substrate and reagent.
This is the biggy, the one everyone wants to achieve. Here we will be looking at metal-based chiral catalysis. We will concentrate on bisoxazoline-based Lewis acid catalysis and then look at reductions before finishing with the ubiquitous Sharpless epoxidation and dihydroxylation.
Chapter 04 stereochemistry of alkanes and cycloalkanesWong Hsiung
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The document discusses the stereochemistry and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes. It covers topics such as the different conformations of ethane, propane, butane, and cycloalkanes like cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclohexane. Cyclohexane prefers a chair conformation to minimize strain. Substituted cyclohexanes experience 1,3-diaxial interactions that make axial positions higher in energy. The boat conformation of cyclohexane is less stable than the chair due to steric and torsional strain. Decalin exists in cis and trans isomers depending on the positions of bridgehead hydrogens.
This document discusses drug receptor interactions, including definitions of key terms like drug, receptor, antagonist, and pA2 value. It describes how drugs bind to receptors and can act as agonists or antagonists. Quantitative aspects of drug-receptor interactions are covered, including dose-response curves, potency, and therapeutic indices. Factors that contribute to variability in individual responses are also summarized. Binding studies and docking simulations are introduced as methods to study these interactions.
Chapter 05 stereochemistry at tetrahedral centersWong Hsiung
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1) The document discusses stereochemistry at tetrahedral carbon centers, including enantiomers, chirality, and how organic molecules can have different mirror image forms.
2) Key concepts covered are how stereochemistry arises from substitution patterns on sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, and how molecules without a plane of symmetry can exist as non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers.
3) Methods for determining and describing stereochemistry such as sequence rules for assigning R/S configuration at chiral centers and how this relates to optical activity are summarized.
Levofloxacin is the isolated levo isomer of ofloxacin, which allows for once daily dosing. It has superior efficacy to other fluoroquinolones like ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Levofloxacin achieves high concentrations in tissues and body fluids, making it effective against common pathogens causing respiratory, urinary, skin and soft tissue infections. It demonstrates rapid bactericidal activity and lower resistance development compared to other fluoroquinolones. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as first-line therapy for various infections.
1. Chirality refers to molecular compounds that are non-superimposable on their mirror images and thus exist as two enantiomers. Recognition of chirality in compounds is important in pharmacology.
2. Many drugs are chiral, and their enantiomers may have different pharmacological effects ranging from no activity to distinct activities. This is due to biological molecules like receptors being chiral.
3. There has been a shift in drug development from racemic drug mixtures to single enantiomers due to issues like thalidomide and differences in enantiomer activity and side effects. Many current drugs have been redeveloped as single enantiomers.
1. The document discusses various techniques for asymmetric synthesis including asymmetric catalytic reduction, oxidation, and hydrogenation.
2. Asymmetric catalytic reduction uses chiral catalysts like RuCl2 [(R)-BINAP] to reduce pro-chiral compounds to chiral products. The Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation reduces 硫-keto esters.
3. Asymmetric catalytic oxidation uses catalysts like Sharpless epoxidation and Shi epoxidation to oxidize substrates and form enantiopure products. The Jacobsen epoxidation and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation are examples.
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which is a chemical reaction that produces stereoisomeric products in unequal amounts by creating new chiral centers. It provides examples of important biological molecules that are enantiopure, such as amino acids, sugars, and proteins. Common methods for obtaining enantiopure compounds include isolation from natural sources, resolution of racemic mixtures, and asymmetric synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis is described as a reaction where a chiral reagent, auxiliary, or solvent directs the formation of new stereocenters. Examples of important asymmetric reactions mentioned include Sharpless epoxidation and asymmetric reductions.