Damage control orthopaedics By Dr Navin Kr singh;AIIMS New DelhiDcoNavin SinghThis document summarizes a presentation on damage control orthopedics (DCO) for polytrauma patients. It defines polytrauma and trauma scoring systems like AIS and ISS. It describes the historical evolution from early total care to DCO, including the recognition that early definitive fixation increased complications. DCO focuses on temporary stabilization through external fixation to minimize surgical insult until the patient is stabilized. The goals are to stop ongoing injury, facilitate care, and later restore function. Studies found DCO with early external fixation and later internal fixation had low mortality and infection rates comparable to primary internal fixation.
Trauma scoring systems mithun benjaminThe document discusses various trauma scoring systems used to classify and predict outcomes in trauma patients. It describes anatomical scoring systems like the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) that evaluate individual injuries and their severity. It also discusses physiological scoring systems such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) that assess physiological derangements. Combined scoring systems like TRISS and ASCOT incorporate both anatomical and physiological factors. The document provides details on the components and calculations of several common trauma scoring systems.
Approach to acute knee injuries (knee injury)mahadev deujaThe document outlines the management and evaluation of acute knee injuries, detailing case histories of patients with various knee injuries and their respective examinations, diagnoses, and treatments. It emphasizes the importance of history-taking, physical examination, and imaging in identifying injuries such as ACL tears and meniscus tears, as well as the common presentations of knee effusion. It also discusses the surgical and conservative management options for knee injuries and highlights the prevalence of these injuries in athletic populations.
Update of management polytrauma patientRizqi D Rosandi MDThis document discusses the management of polytrauma patients. It defines polytrauma as multiple injuries exceeding a severity threshold that can lead to organ dysfunction. Scoring systems like the Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scale, and Injury Severity Score are used to assess polytrauma patients. The physiological response to trauma involves systemic inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses. Clinicians evaluate polytrauma patients using ATLS protocols, assess various systems, and provide resuscitation as needed. Orthopedic injuries may be managed with early total care or damage control orthopedics to minimize additional insults from surgery in unstable patients.
Ortho ธมลวรรณToey SutisaThis document summarizes an extern conference case involving a 74-year-old female patient who presented with left thigh pain after her leg was pinned under a motorcycle. On examination, she had tenderness and limited movement of her left leg. X-rays revealed a closed fracture of the left femoral neck. The fracture was classified as Garden type 4, indicating a complete displacement. Given the patient's age of over 65, the recommended treatment was arthroplasty to restore hip function and allow rapid mobilization, while minimizing discomfort. Complications of this type of injury can include blood clots, bone death, and non-healing of the break.
Damage control orthopaedic surgeryMohamed AbulsoudDamage control orthopaedics (DCO) is an approach that temporarily stabilizes orthopaedic injuries in severely injured trauma patients to avoid worsening their condition. It focuses on controlling hemorrhage, managing soft tissue injury, and achieving provisional fracture stability through temporary stabilization methods like external fixation. This allows time for the patient's physiology to stabilize before definitive repair and reduces the risks of complications from a major orthopaedic procedure when the patient is still unstable. DCO has evolved from traditional approaches as an understanding has grown of the body's inflammatory response to trauma and risks of multiple hits.
Limb salvage vs amputation finalSagar SavsaniThe document discusses the decision between limb salvage and amputation for severely injured extremities. It outlines factors to consider like injury classification, soft tissue damage, vascular and nerve injury. Scoring systems like MESS, LSI and PSI are mentioned but have limitations. With advances in wound care, fixation and reconstruction, more limbs can now be salvaged that would have previously required amputation. The optimal decision involves a multidisciplinary team at an experienced trauma center tailored to each patient's injuries and prognosis.
Damage Control Orthopaedics (DCO)fathi neanaDamage Control Orthopaedics (DCO) is a surgical approach for critically ill polytrauma patients, focusing on stabilization of injuries and avoidance of extensive surgeries that could worsen the patient's condition. The concept emphasizes early hemorrhage control, stabilization of orthopedic injuries, and delaying definitive surgical repairs until the patient's condition improves. By incorporating elements of damage control surgery and resuscitation, DCO aims to minimize morbidity and mortality in complex trauma cases.
MRI in orthopaedicsDebeshShrestha1This document provides an overview of MRI in orthopaedics. It discusses the history of MRI, how MRI machines work, different pulse sequences used to evaluate musculoskeletal tissues, use of contrast agents, common artifacts, and how to read musculoskeletal MRI scans. T1, T2, proton density, STIR, and post-gadolinium sequences are described. The roles of MRI in evaluating tissues like bone marrow, cartilage, ligaments and joint pathology are covered.
Intertrochanteric fractures and its management with DHS or PFN or Arthroplast...Kota AdityaThis document discusses intertrochanteric fractures, including definition, epidemiology, classification systems, treatment options, and complications. It provides an overview of fracture anatomy, mechanisms of injury, evaluation with x-rays, and classifications including Boyd & Griffin, Evans, and AO. Treatment options discussed include non-operative management, internal fixation with devices like the dynamic hip screw and intramedullary nails, and prosthetic replacement. Post-operative rehabilitation and complications of treatment are also summarized.
Pull elbowmind minddA 5-year-old Thai boy presented with left elbow pain for 2 hours after falling and having his friend fall on his outstretched left arm. On examination, his left elbow was tender on the lateral side with limited range of motion. X-rays showed no fractures. The diagnosis was nursemaid's elbow (radial head subluxation), which occurs when longitudinal traction is applied to an extended arm in young children. The radial head was reduced by gentle manipulation and the boy could immediately use his arm normally again with low risk of recurrence.
POLYTRAUMA AND DAMAGE CONTROL ORTHOPAEDICSDr SlayerThe document discusses polytrauma, exploring the physiological responses to injury, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), which can lead to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). It outlines concepts of damage control resuscitation (DCR) and damage control orthopaedics (DCO), addressing fluid resuscitation strategies, the importance of managing the 'second hit' phenomenon during trauma treatment, and the evolution of surgical approaches. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for timely interventions tailored to the patient's condition to optimize recovery and minimize complications.
Cubital tunnel syndrome 1Toey SutisaThis document summarizes a case of cubital tunnel syndrome in a 40-year-old Thai Buddhist monk. He experienced numbness and tingling in his right ring and little fingers for 1 month after injuring his right elbow. Examination found signs of ulnar nerve dysfunction including clawing of the fingers. Imaging showed no abnormalities. He was diagnosed with cubital tunnel syndrome and scheduled for ulnar nerve decompression surgery.
Polytrauma in orthopaedicsNamithRangaswamyThe document discusses resuscitation principles and advances in polytrauma management, highlighting key definitions and scoring systems like the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). It covers the epidemiology of trauma, mechanisms of injury, and the importance of the 'golden hour' for patient outcomes, as well as the roles of trauma teams, emergency care protocols, and the significance of proper triage and resuscitation techniques. Additionally, it touches on management strategies for various types of trauma and injuries, emphasizing the need for timely and effective intervention to reduce mortality rates.
Abdominal trauma (1)sadaf chandioThis document provides guidance on the initial assessment and management of abdominal trauma. It discusses:
- Recognizing abdominal injuries through physical exam, ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic tools.
- Managing hemorrhage from abdominal injuries through damage control resuscitation including permissive hypotension, blood product transfusion, and early surgery to control bleeding.
- Evaluating different areas of the abdomen that could be injured, including the intraperitoneal cavity, retroperitoneum, thorax, heart, and diaphragm.
Trauma scoring 23 พค.2558Krongdai UnhasutaThe document discusses various trauma scoring systems used to assess injury severity, predict survival chances, and guide triage and treatment of trauma patients. It describes anatomical indices like the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) which evaluate individual injuries and overall injury burden. It also covers physiological scales like the Trauma Score, Revised Trauma Score, and CRAMS scale. Multiple organ dysfunction scores like SOFA are presented, along with mass casualty triage algorithms like START and SALT.
Approach to acute knee injuries (knee injury)mahadev deujaThe document outlines the management and evaluation of acute knee injuries, detailing case histories of patients with various knee injuries and their respective examinations, diagnoses, and treatments. It emphasizes the importance of history-taking, physical examination, and imaging in identifying injuries such as ACL tears and meniscus tears, as well as the common presentations of knee effusion. It also discusses the surgical and conservative management options for knee injuries and highlights the prevalence of these injuries in athletic populations.
Update of management polytrauma patientRizqi D Rosandi MDThis document discusses the management of polytrauma patients. It defines polytrauma as multiple injuries exceeding a severity threshold that can lead to organ dysfunction. Scoring systems like the Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scale, and Injury Severity Score are used to assess polytrauma patients. The physiological response to trauma involves systemic inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses. Clinicians evaluate polytrauma patients using ATLS protocols, assess various systems, and provide resuscitation as needed. Orthopedic injuries may be managed with early total care or damage control orthopedics to minimize additional insults from surgery in unstable patients.
Ortho ธมลวรรณToey SutisaThis document summarizes an extern conference case involving a 74-year-old female patient who presented with left thigh pain after her leg was pinned under a motorcycle. On examination, she had tenderness and limited movement of her left leg. X-rays revealed a closed fracture of the left femoral neck. The fracture was classified as Garden type 4, indicating a complete displacement. Given the patient's age of over 65, the recommended treatment was arthroplasty to restore hip function and allow rapid mobilization, while minimizing discomfort. Complications of this type of injury can include blood clots, bone death, and non-healing of the break.
Damage control orthopaedic surgeryMohamed AbulsoudDamage control orthopaedics (DCO) is an approach that temporarily stabilizes orthopaedic injuries in severely injured trauma patients to avoid worsening their condition. It focuses on controlling hemorrhage, managing soft tissue injury, and achieving provisional fracture stability through temporary stabilization methods like external fixation. This allows time for the patient's physiology to stabilize before definitive repair and reduces the risks of complications from a major orthopaedic procedure when the patient is still unstable. DCO has evolved from traditional approaches as an understanding has grown of the body's inflammatory response to trauma and risks of multiple hits.
Limb salvage vs amputation finalSagar SavsaniThe document discusses the decision between limb salvage and amputation for severely injured extremities. It outlines factors to consider like injury classification, soft tissue damage, vascular and nerve injury. Scoring systems like MESS, LSI and PSI are mentioned but have limitations. With advances in wound care, fixation and reconstruction, more limbs can now be salvaged that would have previously required amputation. The optimal decision involves a multidisciplinary team at an experienced trauma center tailored to each patient's injuries and prognosis.
Damage Control Orthopaedics (DCO)fathi neanaDamage Control Orthopaedics (DCO) is a surgical approach for critically ill polytrauma patients, focusing on stabilization of injuries and avoidance of extensive surgeries that could worsen the patient's condition. The concept emphasizes early hemorrhage control, stabilization of orthopedic injuries, and delaying definitive surgical repairs until the patient's condition improves. By incorporating elements of damage control surgery and resuscitation, DCO aims to minimize morbidity and mortality in complex trauma cases.
MRI in orthopaedicsDebeshShrestha1This document provides an overview of MRI in orthopaedics. It discusses the history of MRI, how MRI machines work, different pulse sequences used to evaluate musculoskeletal tissues, use of contrast agents, common artifacts, and how to read musculoskeletal MRI scans. T1, T2, proton density, STIR, and post-gadolinium sequences are described. The roles of MRI in evaluating tissues like bone marrow, cartilage, ligaments and joint pathology are covered.
Intertrochanteric fractures and its management with DHS or PFN or Arthroplast...Kota AdityaThis document discusses intertrochanteric fractures, including definition, epidemiology, classification systems, treatment options, and complications. It provides an overview of fracture anatomy, mechanisms of injury, evaluation with x-rays, and classifications including Boyd & Griffin, Evans, and AO. Treatment options discussed include non-operative management, internal fixation with devices like the dynamic hip screw and intramedullary nails, and prosthetic replacement. Post-operative rehabilitation and complications of treatment are also summarized.
Pull elbowmind minddA 5-year-old Thai boy presented with left elbow pain for 2 hours after falling and having his friend fall on his outstretched left arm. On examination, his left elbow was tender on the lateral side with limited range of motion. X-rays showed no fractures. The diagnosis was nursemaid's elbow (radial head subluxation), which occurs when longitudinal traction is applied to an extended arm in young children. The radial head was reduced by gentle manipulation and the boy could immediately use his arm normally again with low risk of recurrence.
POLYTRAUMA AND DAMAGE CONTROL ORTHOPAEDICSDr SlayerThe document discusses polytrauma, exploring the physiological responses to injury, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), which can lead to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). It outlines concepts of damage control resuscitation (DCR) and damage control orthopaedics (DCO), addressing fluid resuscitation strategies, the importance of managing the 'second hit' phenomenon during trauma treatment, and the evolution of surgical approaches. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for timely interventions tailored to the patient's condition to optimize recovery and minimize complications.
Cubital tunnel syndrome 1Toey SutisaThis document summarizes a case of cubital tunnel syndrome in a 40-year-old Thai Buddhist monk. He experienced numbness and tingling in his right ring and little fingers for 1 month after injuring his right elbow. Examination found signs of ulnar nerve dysfunction including clawing of the fingers. Imaging showed no abnormalities. He was diagnosed with cubital tunnel syndrome and scheduled for ulnar nerve decompression surgery.
Polytrauma in orthopaedicsNamithRangaswamyThe document discusses resuscitation principles and advances in polytrauma management, highlighting key definitions and scoring systems like the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). It covers the epidemiology of trauma, mechanisms of injury, and the importance of the 'golden hour' for patient outcomes, as well as the roles of trauma teams, emergency care protocols, and the significance of proper triage and resuscitation techniques. Additionally, it touches on management strategies for various types of trauma and injuries, emphasizing the need for timely and effective intervention to reduce mortality rates.
Abdominal trauma (1)sadaf chandioThis document provides guidance on the initial assessment and management of abdominal trauma. It discusses:
- Recognizing abdominal injuries through physical exam, ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic tools.
- Managing hemorrhage from abdominal injuries through damage control resuscitation including permissive hypotension, blood product transfusion, and early surgery to control bleeding.
- Evaluating different areas of the abdomen that could be injured, including the intraperitoneal cavity, retroperitoneum, thorax, heart, and diaphragm.
Trauma scoring 23 พค.2558Krongdai UnhasutaThe document discusses various trauma scoring systems used to assess injury severity, predict survival chances, and guide triage and treatment of trauma patients. It describes anatomical indices like the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) which evaluate individual injuries and overall injury burden. It also covers physiological scales like the Trauma Score, Revised Trauma Score, and CRAMS scale. Multiple organ dysfunction scores like SOFA are presented, along with mass casualty triage algorithms like START and SALT.
3. Primery Survey
A : can talk , not tender along C-spine , neck full ROM
B : spontaneous breathing , equal chest expansion , equal
breath sound , clear both lungs , CCT -
C : BP 96/58 mmHg , Heart rate 96/min , capillary refill <2
sec
D : E4V5M6 , pupil 3 mm RTLBE , motor grade V all
extremities , PR good sphincter tone
E : abrasion wound 3x4 cm at right knee , mild swelling ,
right leg deformity
4. Secondary Survey
A : no history of drug or food allergy
M : no medication
P : no underlying disease
L : last meal at 18.00 ( 3 hrs PTA)
E : เกิดเหตุบนถนน ผู้ป่วยถูกรถกระบะชน กระเด็นเอาร่างกายด้านขวาลงกระแทก จาเหตุการณ์ได้
มีสติรู้ตัว แต่มีอาการมึนเมา หลังเกิดเหตุเจ็บหน้าอก คอ และปวดสะโพกขวามาก มีแผลที่เข่าขวา
5. Physical Examination
GA : A middle age Thai man , good
consciousness , E4V5M6
HEENT : no discharge from eye or ear ,
no neck pain , no hematoma
Chest : equal chest movement , no stridor , clear and equal breath
sound , trachea in midline , equal tympanic on percussion
Heart : normal S1,S2 , no murmur , distal pulse can be palpated
Abdomen : soft , not tender , no guarding . no rebound tenderness
Neuro : pupil 3 mm RTLBE , motor grade V all ext. , sensory intact ,
reflex 2+ all , PR good sphincter tone
V/S : BP 96/58 mmHg BT 36.7 HR 96 /min
RR 22 /min
6. Extremity : Rt. Leg external rotation deformity , Rt.leg shorter
than left leg , cannot lift leg , no tender point , pelvic compression
negative , no wound , no swelling
Rt. Knee abrasion wound size 3x4 cm , no deformity , full ROM
Rt. Ankle no wound , not tender , full ROM
Physical Examination
12. FAST : negative
Film - C-spine : Closed fracture at spinous
processC3-C4
- Both Hip AP and Hip lateral :
Closed fracture at intertrochanter of right
femur
Investigation
13. Treatment
- On skeletal traction right leg 2 kg
- On Philadelphia collar
- NPO
- 5% DN/2 1000 ml IV rate 80 ml/hr
- CBC , BUN , Cr , Electrolyte
- Chest X-ray
15. Definition
• An intertrochanteric fracture occurs between the greater
and lesser trochanter, where the gluteus medius and
minimus muscle (hip extensor and abductor)attach, and the
lesser trochanter, where the iliopsoas muscle (hip
flexor)attaches.
17. General Features
• Exuracapsular fracture with better healing potential
• Common in elderly osteoporotic patient, usually woman in
their 80’s
• More common than intracapsular
• Rarely causes avascular necrosis
18. Mechanism of Injury
• In younger individual are usually the result of a high-energy
injury, such as a motor vehicle accident or fall from high.
• In elderly, it result from a simple fall.
19. Signs and Symptoms
• Pain
• Marked shortening of lower limb
• Patient can not lift their leg
• Complete external rotation deformity
• Swelling, ecchymosis and tenderness over the greater trochanter
21. Classification(Boyd & Griffin)
Stable fractures
• Type I: Nondisplaced fracture
• Type II: Displaced fracture
Unstable fractures
• Type III: Reverse,subtrochanteric,or
posteromedial comminution fracture
• Type IV: Intertrochanteric fracture with
subtrochanteric fracture
23. Stability of fracture
• Integrity of the posteromedial cortex is
the most important factor
• Reverse fracture is more unstable
• Subtrochanter fracture is more unstable
24. Treament
- Nonoperative
nonweightbearing with early out of bed to chair
indications
- nonambulatory patients
- patients at high risk for perioperative mortality
outcomes
- high rates of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, decubiti, and
DVT
25. Treament
- Operative
- sliding hip compression screw
indications
- stable intertrochanteric fractures
- intramedullary hip screw (cephalomedullary nail)
indications
- stable fracture patterns
- unstable fracture patterns
- reverse obliquity fractures
56% failure when treated with sliding hip screw
- subtrochanteric extension
- lack of integrity of femoral wall
associated with increased displacement and collapse when treated with
sliding hip screw