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Introduction to Programming
��n�ώ�: Chao-Lung Yang (���)

Why do we need to learn
programming?
? When did you have your first computer?
? Did you learn programming or coding before?
? How is this world running under computing?
? Let��s look at how other people thinking?
? What most school don't teach

Introduction
? Basis of Programming Language
? Introduction of C#

Computer Program
? What is a computer program?
? Series of instructions that directs computer to perform
tasks
? Simply, a program is like a converter, which reads an
input and outputs useful information

Windows Applications
? Windows Applications
? A Graphical User Interface (GUI)
? Allows you to interact with the software using text, graphics,
and visual images such as icons
? Controls how you enter data and instructions and how the
screen displays information
? Console Applications
? For DOS or UNIX/Linux
? Designed to be used by a text-only computer interface
(Command-line Interface)
? Interacts with a console application using only a keyboard

Types of Programming Languages
? Programming language: a notion for writing programs and
is used to communicate instructions.
? Programming languages can be divided into low-level
languages and high-level languages
? Low level languages
? Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer
? Close to the language which computers can read
? Ex: Machine and Assembly Languages
? High level languages
? Often machine-independent can run on many different types of
computers and operating systems
? Close to the language which we can read

Low-Level Languages
Machine Language
? Only language computer directly recognizes
? Most efficient
? Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers and letters that represent
binary digits
0111 0001 0000 1111
1001 1101 1011 0001

Low-Level Languages (con��t)
Assembly Language
? Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes,
meaningful abbreviations and codes
? Source program contains code to be converted to
machine language
MOV AX 01
MOV BX 02
ADD AX BX

High-Level Languages
? High Level Languages are more close to our
human��s languages.
? They are also referred as Half-English
programming languages.
? The programs have to be converted or complied to
the machine languages.
? Less efficient but more programmer friendly
? Examples: Basic��C/C++��C#��Java��FORTRAN��
COBOL, Pascal and so on.

High-Level Languages (con��t)
There are two basic approaches to implementing a
program in a higher-level language:
Compilers
? A source program is converted into machine language
before being executed.
? A source program will be inspected the syntax before
being complied.

High-Level Languages (con��t)
Interpreters
? Translates and executes one program code statement
at a time
? Less efficient
? Easy to find errors and flexible
? Examples: Web programming languages -Scripts
(VBScript and JavaScript)

Execution of Programs
? When CPU executes a machine language program, it
read the instructions stored in memory (RAMs) and
execute (Fetch-and-execute).
? CPU fetches the instructions sequentially.
? CPU can NOT understand what a program wants to do.
It just computes very fast.

Central Processing Unit
The CPU consists of a variety of parts including:
? Control unit: directs the other parts of the
computer system to execute stored program
instructions.
? Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): performs
mathematical operations as well as logical
operations.
? Registers: are temporary storage areas for data or
instructions. For example: to add two numbers
which are stored at registers.

Random-Access Memory
? Before the CPU can execute a program, program
instructions and data must be placed into memory
from an input device or storage device.
? Memory is the part of the computer that stores
data and program instructions for processing.
? Once the necessary data and instructions are in
memory, the CPU performs ��Fetch and Execute��.
? Each location in memory is identified by an
address.
? The control unit can find data and instructions
based on these addresses.

Example: Execution of Programs
? k�� i + j
? retrieve i
? retrieve j
? perform i+j
? store the result to k

Introduction of C#
? .NET Framework
? C#
? Vision Studio 2010

.NET Framework
? .NET Framework is the latest programming develop
platform offered by Microsoft.
? The current version is 4.0.
? The class library and the Common Language Runtime
(CLR) together constitute the .NET Framework.
? Users can use Visual Basic, C++, and C# to write
programs based on .NET Framework.
? Programs developed on .NET Framework are not
complied to machine language, but intermediate byte-
code called ��MSIL�� (Microsoft Intermediate Language)��

.NET Framework (con��t)
? When execution of the byte-code, MSIL is JIT(Just
In Time) complied to machine language by CLR.
2010
7

C#
? C# (C Sharp) is developed by the team leaded by
Anders Hejlsberg
? C# is introduced on 2000 and released on 2002
? Object-oriented programming language based on C++
? Accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-
based Web services
? Uses a JIT compiler
? Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL)

Visual Studio
? Development Environment
? A set of tools which provides programmers to build, edit,
compile, and maintain programs
? Currently, most of high-level languages have their own
development environment, which is referred to as IDE
(Integrated Development Environment).
? IDE is a software application which enables
programmers to edit source codes, compile, debug,
and manage programs throughout software
development.

Visual Studio (con��t)
? What is Visual Studio?
? .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run
on Internet
? Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and
Visual J#
? Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 is an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft
? Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 is an IDE which
supports .NET Framework. It can be used to develop
various types of applications for Windows, ASP.NET,
console, and Web Services.

? Applications developed in IDE of Visual Studio are
executed on the CLR platform of .NET Framework:
/2010
4.

? The functions of Visual Studio
? IDE for multiple programming languages
? Powerful functions of project management
? Project templates are offered
? Visual program-developing GUI
? IntelliSense-autocompletion
? Complete functions of debugger

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Introduction to Computer Programming (general background)

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