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Introduction to Research Methodology.pptx
- 1. Introduction to Research Methodology SVREC,NANDYAL Dr.M. Bala Theja,M.Tech,Ph.D Associate Professor Department Of Mechanical Engineering
- 2. Research & Development Research is a process that acquires new knowledge Development is a process that applies knowledge to create new devices or effects Research and experimental development (R&D) Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
- 3. What is Research? Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable knowledge Systematic and orderly (following a series of steps). Purpose is new knowledge, which must be reliable.
- 4. Research is not. Accidental discovery : 1. Accidental discovery may occur in structured research process. 2. Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously noticed. 3. May lead to a structured research process to verify or understand the observation.
- 5. Research is not Data Collection an intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge. collecting reliable data is part of the research process.
- 6. Research is not Searching out published research results in libraries (or the internet) This is an important early step of research. The research process always includes synthesis and analysis. But, just reviewing of literature is not research.
- 7. Research is 1. Searching for explanation of events, phenomena, relationships and causes What, how and why things occur Are there interactions? 2. A process Planned and managed to make the information generated credible. The process is creative. It is circular always leads to more questions.
- 8. All well designed and conducted research has potential application. Failure to see applications can be due to: Users not trained or experienced in the specialized methods of economic research and reasoning. Researchers often do not provide adequate interpretations and guidance on applications of the research. Researchers are responsible to help users understand research implications (How?) Research is
- 9. Structure of Research begin with broad questions narrow down, focus in operationalize OBSERVE analyze data reach conclusions generalize back to questions The "hourglass" notion of research
- 10. What is Methodology A science of studying how research is done scientifically. A way to systematically solve the research problem by logically adopting various steps. Methodology helps to understand not only the products of scientific inquiry but the process itself. Aims to describe and analyze methods, throw light on their limitations and resources, clarify their presuppositions and consequences, relating their potentialities to the twilight zone at the frontiers of knowledge.
- 11. Why should we follow a methodology? Research does not begin with the results!!! Identification of needs Creation of ideas Formalization of ideas Testing Dissemination Refinement
- 12. Methodology Defined & Described Methodology and Method are often (incorrectly) used interchangeable Methodology the study of the general approach to inquiry in a given field Method the specific techniques, tools or procedures applied to achieve a given objective Research methods in economics include regression analysis, mathematical analysis, operations research, surveys, data gathering, etc.
- 13. Steps in Research 1. Observation 2. Preliminary information gathering 3. Theory Formulation 4. Hypothesizing 5. Further Scientific Data Collection 6. Data Analysis 7. Deduction
- 14. 1 2 3 4 5 The Process of Research
- 15. The Process of Research Identify the Research Problem Review the Literature Report and Disseminate Research Specify a Research Purpose Collect Data Interpret the Research Analyze Data
- 16. Deduction and Induction Deduction Induction DEDUCTION is a form of inference in which we go from a general statement to infer a particular statement. INDUCTION - Arrive at a conclusion based on a number of observations of specific instances.
- 17. Applied Research If the purpose is to solve specific problem currently faced by the Organization Basic or Fundamental Research To understand various issues in an organization that are likely to crop up. Aim is not to solve the current problem but to generate more understanding about the various areas of interest in an organization. Scientific Method pursues a step-by-step, logical, organized method to identify problems, gather and analyze data and draw valid conclusions. TYPES OF RESEARCH
- 18. Disciplinary, Subject-matter, and Problem- solving Research (Johnson, 1986)
- 19. Designed to improve a discipline Dwells on theories, fundamental relationships and analytical procedures and techniques In economics, the intended users are other economists Provides the conceptual and analytical base for other economic research It is synergistic and complementary with subject matter and problem-solving research 19 Disciplinary
- 20. Provides the foundations for applied research Circular as applied research reveals the shortcomings of disciplinary research Examples of some economic theories? (supply & demand, price elasticity, consumer utility ) Disciplinary Cont..
- 21. Subject-matter research Provides policy makers with general knowledge to make decisions about various problems. A primary source of policy applications for economics Subject-matter research is a cornerstone in economics it involves direct application of economics to contemporary issues.
- 22. Problem-solving research Designed to solve a specific problem for a specific decision maker Often results in recommendations on decisions or actions Problem-solving research is holistic uses all information relevant to the specific problem (while disciplinary research tends to be reductionist) Disciplinary research is generally the most durable (long lasting); problem-solving research the least durable 22
- 23. Analytic Vs Descriptive Research Descriptive the attempt to determine, describe, or identify something The intent is often synthesis, which pulls knowledge or information together Analytic the attempt to establish why something occurs or how it came to be All disciplines generally engage in both 23
- 24. One time/ Cross sectional Vs Longitudinal/Developmental & Trend or prediction studies (the time domain) Field setting Vs Lab / Simulation research Clinical Vs diagnostic studies Exploratory Vs Formulated (the degree of formulation of the problem) studies Historical studies (Greater part of it is quantitative) Content Analysis is one such quantitative method a multipurpose method developed specifically for investigating a broad spectrum of problems in which the contents of communication serve as a basis of inference. Example: word usage rates, word counts, etc. Correlational research Conclusion oriented or decision oriented research 6/12/2015 Research Methodology 24 Other types of Research
- 25. Conclusions A thorough literature survey and problem identification is important before performing research. The research area of the student should be chosen as per the interest over subject. A good team with various subject expertise is required to solve various interdisciplinary problems. The research outcome should reach to common people through industrial, rural and societal development.