Ipa chart (c)2005
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The document summarizes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols for writing down speech sounds in languages. It includes: 1) Consonant symbols organized by place and manner of articulation, with voicing distinctions. 2) Vowel symbols organized by height and backness, with roundedness distinctions. 3) Diacritics and modifiers that can be added to symbols for finer phonetic detail.
Ipa chart (c)2005
- 1. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 卒 A i y 即 u Pe e o E { 淡 O a 奪 I Y U Front Central Back Close Close-mid Open-mid Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. 嘆 Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d c k g q G / Nasal m 袖 n = N Trill 脹 r R Tap or Flap v | 束 Fricative F B f v T D s 油油z S Z 巽 J x V X 息 ? h H Lateral fricative L Approximant 速 j Lateral approximant l 錚 促 K Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) SUPRASEGMENTALS VOWELS OTHER SYMBOLS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives > Bilabial Bilabial Examples: Dental Dental/alveolar p Bilabial ! (Post)alveolar Palatal t Dental/alveolar 俗 Palatoalveolar Velar k Velar Alveolar lateral Uvular s Alveolar fricative " Primary stress Secondary stress foUn卒"tIS卒n Long e Half-long e * Extra-short e* Minor (foot) group Major (intonation) group . Syllable break 速i.kt Linking (absence of a break) TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR e油_or 但 Extra high e 油or 辰 Rising e! 棚 High e$ 谷 Falling e@ 樽 Mid e% 端 High rising e~ 担 Low e鍖 誰 Low rising e 短 Extra low e& 単$ Rising- falling Downstep 達 Global rise 探 Upstep Global fall 息 2005 IPA DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( 9 Voiceless n9 d9 捉 Breathy voiced b捉 a捉 1 Dental t油1 d1 3 Voiced s3 t油3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 臓 Apical t油臓 d臓 Aspirated t d 贈 Linguolabial t油贈 油d贈 4 Laminal t油4 d4 7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) 其 Less rounded O其 Palatalized t d Nasal release d Advanced u Velarized t 油d 測 Lateral release d測 2 Retracted e2 Pharyngealized t 油油d } No audible release d} 油 油揃 Centralized e揃 湛 Velarized or pharyngealized : + Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 油( 速6 = voiced alveolar fricative) ` Syllabic n` 則 Lowered e則 ( B則 = voiced bilabial approximant) 8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 賊 Rhoticity 卒賊 a賊 Retracted Tongue Root e Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives w 油 Voiced labial-velar approximant 損 Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous S and x Voiceless epiglottal fricative 油多 油Voiced epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols 油歎 油 Epiglottal plosive joined by a tie bar if necessary. kp ts ( (