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- 4. §£ 1897 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§à§è§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ä §£§Ú§Ý§î§æ§â§Ö§Õ§à §±§Ñ§â§Ö§ä§à §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý, §é§ä§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à §á§à§Õ§é§Ú§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§å ¡ª §ã §å§Õ§Ó§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú/§Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ê§Ú§ç §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ô§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ. §±§Ñ§â§Ö§ä§à §á§â§Ú§ê§×§Ý §Ü §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§å, §é§ä§à §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö ¡ª §ß§Ö§é§ä§à §Ó§â§à§Õ§Ö §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í, §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ä§î, §ß§à §ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î.
- 5. §¶§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§Ú§ñ ?§¬§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ù§Ö§ß? §µ§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§î§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ê§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ú §²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú Toyota §å§é§Ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ä§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä§í §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó, §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û §Ú §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§í, §Ú §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ú§ç.
- 6. §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §®§¦§¯§¦§¥§¨§®§¦§¯§´§¡ §®§í §à§é§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §µ §ß§Ñ§ã §ß§Ö§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §¬§°§¯§´§²§°§§Á §Ú §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú§ç §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó.
- 7. §¬§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä§í §ß§Ö§Ý§î§Ù§ñ §ä§â§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à§Þ §Ò§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ã§Ö? III §¶§à§â§å§Þ §¶§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó§í§ç §¥§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú 2010 §±§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ö§ê§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §°§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù §à§ä §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ú §ã§Ú§Þ§á§à§Ù§Ú§å§Þ§à§Ó §³§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §°§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù §à§ä §Ý§Ú§è§Ö§ß§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§à§Ô§à §±§° §±§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§å§Ò§á§à§Õ§â§ñ§Õ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à-§Ú§Ù§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä ( outsoursing ) §°§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù §à§ä §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú
- 8. §¥§Ý§ñ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à: §¯§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§Ú §å §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §¯§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í, §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §è§Ö§Ý§Ú §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §¯§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ß§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú. §±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §â§Ú§ã§Ü§à§Ó, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í.
- 9. §¶§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Õ§Ø§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ñ §á§â§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §å §ß§Ú§ç §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó§í§Ü§à§Ó ( ISO 9001-2000 ): §±§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §²§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §á§à §ã§â§à§Ü§Ñ§Þ, §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§Þ, §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§å §Ú §ä.§á. §²§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §²§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú: §å§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó, §ã§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß, §à§ä§é§Ö§ä§í §Ú §ä.§á. §¶§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§Û §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ
- 10. §ª§ë§Ö§Þ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý §§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ §´§Ú§á§í §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ: §¡§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§ß§í§Û §¥§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §§Ú§Ò§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ª§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó?
- 11. §³§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §¯§Ö§ä §ç§à§â§à§ê§Ú§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§Ý§à§ç§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§Û §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C §Ö§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î §¿§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§à §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §Ó§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §å§Þ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§í§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§Û §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î
- 12. §°§ä ?§±§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ? §Ü §¬§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à Bruce Tuckman §¨§¸ §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §æ§Ñ§Ù: §¶§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §¯§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ô§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §é§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §à§ä §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ô§â§å§á§á§à§Ó§à§Û, ?§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§Ø§ß§à§Ö §à§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö? §³§ä§à§Ý§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §³§ä§à§Ý§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó §Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ú§è§Ú§Û, §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â §ã§ä§Ó§à, §á§à§Ú§ã§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Þ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ §Ó §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö
- 13. §°§ä ?§±§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ? §Ü §¬§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö §¯§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ( Norming ) §³§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ú §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ( Performing ) §±§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ
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