Kísérleti epidemiológiai módszerek
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Kísérleti epidemiológiai módszerek
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2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
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1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.
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Kísérleti epidemiológiai módszerek
- 1. Kísérleti epidemiológiai módszerek Professor Maja Miskulin, MD, PhD
- 2. Történelem James Lind – 1747. az egyik első, kontrollált klinikai kísérlet az orvostudományban
- 3. Kísérleti vizsgálatok zavaró tényezők általában nem jelentenek problémát a kísérleti vizsgálatokban az epidemiológusok általában az emberi populációkat tanulmányozzák (főként megfigyelésit) A kísérleti vizsgálatokat nagyrészt az orvosi alaptudományokban használják, ahol a kutatók állatkísérleteket terveznek
- 4. Kísérleti vizsgálatok a kísérleti vizsgálatok során a vizsgálatot végző személynek „ellenőrzése” van a vizsgálati tényező felett a kutató meghatározza, hogy a vizsgált alanyok melyik hatóanyagot kapják, és ki nem kap hatóanyagot a kontrollcsoport a placebót vagy a piacon létező legjobb gyógyszert kapja – az un. arany standardot
- 5. Kísérleti vizsgálatok a vizsgált csoportokban (a vizsgált hatóanyagnak kitett és annak nem kitett) a betegek osztályozásának legjobb módja a randomizáció, ami jelzi a csoportok véletlenszerű eloszlását a csoportokban A randomizációt elsősorban a zavaró tényezők hatásainak kiküszöbölésére használják
- 6. Kísérleti vizsgálatok ha kísérleti vizsgálatokat alkalmazunk epidemiológiában, nagyon erős bizonyítékokat kaphatunk ezeket a vizsgálatokat nem szabad végrehajtani addig, amíg az ok-okozati vagy kockázati viszony valószínűségét nem megfelelően határozták meg a más típusú tanulmányok alapján
- 7. A kísérleti vizsgálatok típusai randomizált kontrollált vizsgálat (RCT) ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT) közösségi kipróbálás (CT)
- 8. Randomizált kontrollált vizsgálat (RCT) Az RCT fő célja az, hogy értékelje a terápiás megközelítést azoknál a betegeknél, akiket a vizsgálatban külön-külön vettek fel az RCT-ben a gyógyszerek, a sebészeti eljárások, bizonyos fizikai terápiás módszerek és egyéb terápiás módszerek hatását vizsgálhatjuk
- 9. Ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT) a CFT-ben a prevenciós beavatkozások leggyakrabban az egészséges egyénekre gyakorolt hatását szeretnénk felmérni, amelyek egyenként szerepelnek a tanulmányban A CFT-t leggyakrabban egy vakcina hatékonyságának vizsgálatakor alkalmazták
- 10. Ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT) A Salk Polio Vaccine Field Trial - Jonas Salk 1957. február 26-án a Pittsburghi Egyetem aulájában polio (gyermekbénulás elleni) védőoltást adott be. A vakcinát Salk és csapata hozta létre gyermekbénulás
- 11. Ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT) ellentétben az RCT-vel, a CFT leggyakrabban egészséges alanyokat tartalmaz, és a mintavételt a lakosságból végzik a vakcina hatékonyságának és biztonságosságának vizsgálata során az egészséges személyeket két csoportra kell osztanunk, az egyiket, amely megkapja a hatóanyagot (kitett csoport), a másik pedig placebót kap (nem expozíciós csoport)
- 12. Ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT) ebben a kísérleti vizsgálatban többféle módon is megjeleníthetjük az eredményeket: relatív kockázat túlélési görbék a vizsgált vakcina hatékonysága (a populáció megelőzhető frakciójának kiszámítása - PPF)
- 13. A népességben megelőzhető része (PPF) elmondja, hogy a betegség újonnan diagnosztizált eseteinek aránya a populáció szintjén megelőzhető, ha a populációban megelőző intézkedést alkalmazunk 𝑃𝑃𝐹 % = 𝑝 1 − 𝑅𝑅 𝑝 1 − 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅 × 100 p – a védőfaktornak kitett lakosság aránya RR – relatív kockázat
- 14. Közösségi vizsgálatok (CT) a közösségi próba egy olyan kísérleti tanulmány, amely legalább két egész közösséget foglal magában, az egyik kitett, a másik nem kitett a védőfaktorok némelyikét nem lehet vizsgálni az egyéneknél, mert egy adott földrajzi terület minden lakója ki van téve ezeknek a tényezőknek
- 15. Közösségi vizsgálatok (CT) ebben az esetben a földrajzi terület minden lakója, amely védőfaktornak van kitéve, szerepel a tanulmányban, a kontroll csoportban egy másik földrajzi terület lakosai vannak, ahol ez a tényező hiányzik
- 16. Közösségi vizsgálatok (CT) az egyik legismertebb közösségi kísérlet 1944-ben kezdődött az Egyesült Államokban, amely a víz fluoridációnak a fogak egészségére gyakorolt hatását vizsgálta gyermekeknél.
- 17. Természeti kísérlet a természeti kísérlet nem egy kísérletfajta a természeti kísérlet kifejezés megfigyelési epidemiológiai tanulmányok esetében olyan szerencsétlen események vizsgálatát jelenti, mint a természeti katasztrófák (pl. árvíz, tűz vagy földrengés), vagy az emberi hibák és gondatlanság okozta balesetek (például Csernobili katasztrófa és metil- higanymérgezés) a Minamata-öbölben Japánban)
- 18. Kísérleti vizsgálat? (jelölje meg a helyes választ) a zavaró tényezők általában nagy problémát jelentenek a kísérleti vizsgálatokban Helytelen zavaró tényezők általában nem jelentenek problémát a kísérleti vizsgálatokban HELYES
- 19. Ellenőrzött tereppróba (CFT)? (jelölje meg a helyes választ) A CFT-t leggyakrabban egy vakcina hatékonyságának vizsgálatakor alkalmazták HELYES A sebészeti beavatkozás hatékonyságának vizsgálatakor a CFT-t leginkább gyakran alkalmazzák HELYTELEN AngolAngol
- 20. Közösségi próba (CT)? (jelölje meg a helyes választ) a közösségi próba olyan elemző tanulmány, amely legalább két egész közösséget foglal magában, az egyik kitett, a másik nem HELYTELEN a közösségi próba egy olyan kísérleti tanulmány, amely legalább két egész közösséget foglal magában, az egyik kitett, a másik nem HELYES