Lezione 7
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Il documento analizza l'impatto delle tasse sul benessere economico, evidenziando come le tasse sui beni riducano la dimensione del mercato e creino una perdita secca (deadweight loss) che supera il gettito fiscale. Viene spiegato che questa perdita 竪 dovuta al fatto che le tasse impediscono scambi mutuamente vantaggiosi, alterando il comportamento degli agenti di mercato. Infine, l'entit della perdita secca dipende dall'elasticit della domanda e dell'offerta e la relazione tra l'entit della tassa e il gettito fiscale segue un andamento a forma di campana.
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Lezione 13
Lezione 13guest0984fc
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L'oligopolio 竪 un mercato con poche imprese interdipendenti, dove le decisioni di ciascuna influenzano le altre, richiedendo l'uso della teoria dei giochi per analizzare le strategie. La collusione tra imprese 竪 vantaggiosa ma instabile, poich辿 ogni azienda ha l'incentivo a deviare dall'accordo. In assenza di meccanismi vincolanti, la competizione tra oligopolisti genera esiti meno favorevoli per il benessere sociale rispetto a un monopolio.Lezione 5
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Il documento discute l'elasticit, un concetto cruciale in economia che misura la variazione percentuale di una variabile al variare dell'1% di un'altra. Viene esplorata l'elasticit della domanda e dell'offerta rispetto a fattori come prezzo e reddito, con esempi di beni normali, inferiori, sostituti e complementari. Inoltre, si analizzano le determinanti dell'elasticit e l'impatto sugli introiti totali nel mercato.Lezione 12
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Il monopolio 竪 caratterizzato da un'unica impresa che controlla il mercato, senza sostituti validi e con barriere all'entrata per altri concorrenti. Il monopolista imposta i prezzi superiori ai costi marginali, causando inefficienze e perdite di benessere sociale. Le politiche anti-monopolio possono includere l'imposizione di regolamenti o misure per aumentare la concorrenza nel mercato.Lezione 8
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Il documento analizza il concetto di esternalit, che si verifica quando le transazioni di mercato influenzano il benessere di terzi non coinvolti, portando a fallimenti del mercato e inefficienza allocativa. Propone che l'intervento del policy-maker, attraverso tassazione e sussidi, pu嘆 aiutare a internalizzare le esternalit, ma sottolinea che una corretta definizione dei diritti di propriet 竪 fondamentale per facilitare la contrattazione privata come soluzione al problema. Infine, discute i limiti dell'intervento pubblico e l'importanza di ridurre i costi di transazione per creare mercati mancanti.Lezione 4
Lezione 4guest0984fc
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Il documento descrive il modello del flusso circolare, evidenziando le transazioni tra famiglie e imprese attraverso i mercati dei beni e servizi e dei fattori produttivi. Viene analizzata la struttura dei mercati, le loro forme (concorrenza perfetta, monopolio, concorrenza monopolistica, oligopolio) e le dinamiche di domanda e offerta, includendo concetti di equilibrio di mercato e aggiustamenti in caso di disequilibrio. Infine, si introduce la clausola ceteris paribus e il metodo di statica comparata per studiare variazioni nelle condizioni di mercato.Lezione 10
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Il documento analizza i costi di produzione e il comportamento delle imprese in relazione alla massimizzazione del profitto, enfatizzando l'importanza della funzione di produzione e del prodotto marginale. Viene evidenziato il concetto di costi fissi e variabili, e come questi influenzano le decisioni aziendali, insieme alla relazione tra costi medi e marginali. Infine, si discute l'impatto delle economie e diseconomie di scala nella dimensione efficiente dell'impresa.Lezione 11
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Lezione 7
- 1. TASSE E BENESSERE Corrisponde a Mankiw, Cap.8
- 2. Tasse e benessere sociale Quale effetto hanno le tasse sul benessere economico degli agenti? Sappiamo che, in generale, quando viene imposta una tassa su un bene la dimensione del mercato per quel bene si riduce, cio竪 la quantit di equilibrio diminuisce . Qui cercheremo di misurare come varia il benessere complessivo e per ciascuno dei due lati del mercato. Attenzione : parliamo di tasse sui beni (p.e. IVA; accise su benzina e sigarette), non di imposte sul reddito (p.e. IRPEF)
- 3. Il gettito fiscale Prezzo pagato dai compratori Tassa Gettito fiscale ( T X Q ) Quantit Quantit Post-tassa 0 Prezzo Prezzo ricevuto dai venditori Quantit pre-tassa Domanda Offerta
- 4. Il costo dellimposizione fiscale Una tassa genera un cuneo ( tax wedge ) tra il prezzo pagato dal compratore e quello incassato dal venditore. Si dimostra che le perdite di benessere subite da compratori e venditori eccedono sempre il gettito fiscale. Definiamo perdita secca (deadweight loss = DWL) la riduzione nel surplus totale indotta da una tassa. DWL = Benessere perduto da compratori e venditori - - gettito fiscale Quindi DWL 竪 quella parte di benessere che viene distrutta dallimposta, perch辿 perduta da compratori e venditori senza che lo Stato riesca ad appropriarsene
- 5. Quantit 0 Prezzo Domanda Offerta 0.50 1000 800 0.40 0.60 Gettito fiscale: Tassa unitaria x quantit venduta= = (0.60 - 0.40) x 800 = 160 E B A
- 6. Quantit 0 Prezzo 0.50 0.40 0.60 1000 800 Domanda Offerta La perdita secca (DWL) dovuta alla tassa 竪 pari allarea del triangolo AEB, cio竪 20 A B E
- 7. CS post-tassa = A PS post-tassa = F Gettito fiscale = B + D Perdita secca = C + E CS pre-tassa = A + B + C PS pre-tassa = D + E + F A F B D C E Q Q 1 0 P Q * Domanda Offerta Prezzo pagato dai compratori = P 1 Prezzo senza tassa = P* Prezzo ricevuto dai venditori = P 2
- 8. Perch辿 una tassa induce una DWL? Una tassa genera una DWL perch辿 impedisce agli agenti di mercato di percepire parte dei benefici dello scambio. In altre parole, la tassa obbliga gli agenti a modificare il loro comportamento di mercato in modo da non beneficiare interamente dei vantaggi dello scambio. Ci嘆 竪 dimostrato dal fatto che per colpa della tassa non avvengono scambi mutuamente vantaggiosi. Quindi leffetto di una tassa 竪 di ridurre la dimensione del mercato al di sotto di quella ottimale, cio竪 efficiente.
- 9. Da cosa dipende DWL? Lentit della DWL dipende dallentit della riduzione della dimensione del mercato. Questa a sua volta dipende dalle elasticit rispetto al prezzo di domanda ed offerta . Quanto pi湛 domanda ed offerta sono elastiche, tanto maggiore 竪 la riduzione della quantit di equilibrio e quindi tanto maggiore 竪 la DWL.
- 10. Elasticit e DWL DWL DWL (a) Offerta inelastica (b) Offerta elastica Prezzo 0 Quantit Prezzo 0 Quantit Domanda Domanda Offerta Offerta T T
- 11. DWL DWL Domanda Offerta (c) Domanda inelastica (d) Domanda elastica Prezzo 0 Quantit Prezzo 0 Quantit T Domanda Offerta T
- 12. Landamento della DWL e del gettito La DWL cresce pi湛 rapidamente dellentit della tassa: La DWL 竪 larea di un triangolo, la tassa 竪 un segmento Quindi raddoppiando la tassa, larea del triangolo quadruplica. La relazione tra tassa e gettito fiscale 竪 invece a campana: Al crescere della tassa, il gettito fiscale prima cresce, poi raggiunge un massimo, infine diminuisce. Effetto curva di Laffer : ridurre la tassa, oltre a diminuire la DWL, pu嘆 anche far aumentare il gettito fiscale. la curva 竪 stata disegnata nel 1974 da un giovane economista, Arthur Laffer. E uno dei concetti alla base della politica economica americana durante la presidenza di Ronald Reagan (1981-1988).
- 13. DWL e gettito fiscale: 3 esempi P 1 Quantit Q 1 0 Prezzo Q* Domanda Offerta Perdita secca Gettito fiscale P 2 Tassa piccola
- 14. Domanda Offerta Gettito fiscale P 1 Quantit Q 1 0 Prezzo Q* Perdita secca P 2 Tassa media
- 15. Gettito fiscale P 1 Quantit Q 1 0 Prezzo Q* Domanda Offerta Tassa grande Perdita secca P 2
- 16. (a) Landamento della perdita secca Perdita secca 0 Tassa (dimensione) (b) Landamento del gettito fiscale Gettito fiscale 0 Tassa (dimensione) T max T 1 T 2 Curva di Laffer
- 17. Domanda lezione 7 Analizzare landamento della perdita secca e del gettito tributario al crescere dellimposta Definire il concetto di perdita secca e spiegare quali fattori ne regolano la dimensione