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LinuxFEST 11.10.2008




                  GNU/Linux
                                     Procesy



Autor: Michal Sedl叩k
Email: michal6103 [at] gmail [dot] com
Prezent叩cia je zalo転en叩 na


                            The LBook:
              An Introductory Guide to Linux Basics
             http://linuxbasics.org/course/book/index

       Vizu叩lna t辿ma prezent叩cie je odvoden叩
                  t辿my vytvorenej:
               Sakari Koivunen and Henrik Omma
                Released under the LGPL license.



11.10.2008                                              2/35
Obsah

   
       V邸eobecne o procesoch
            Typy, atrib炭ty, 転ivotn箪 cyklus
   
       Spr叩va procesov
   
       Pl叩novanie procesov
            Sleep, at, cron, crontab




11.10.2008                                    3/35
Program - Proces


  
      Program je pas鱈vny zhluk in邸trukci鱈 v
      strojovo zrozumite直nej forme
         ELF - Executable and Linking Format
  
      Jeden program m担転e sp炭邸泥a泥 viac procesov




11.10.2008                                      4/35
Proces - Vl叩kno


    Proces je vo v邸eobecnosti in邸tancia programu
       Obraz strojov辿ho k坦du (code)
       Naalokovan叩 pam辰泥 (heap, stack)
       Tabu直ka zdrojov (file deskriptory)
       Bezpenostn辿 atrib炭ty (EUID, RUID, EGUI...)
       Stav procesoru (obsah registrov + PC, SP...)

    Vl叩kno je postupnos泥 in邸trukci鱈
       Zdie直a pam辰泥 procesu
       Program Counter, Stack Pointer, Data registers
11.10.2008                                             5/35
Proces - Vl叩kno
      Ka転d箪 proces obsahuje jedno, alebo viac
       vl叩kien
      Ka転d辿 vl叩kno patr鱈 niektor辿mu procesu




11.10.2008                                       6/35
Proces vs. vl叩kno


michal@michal足desktop:~$油cat油test.py油
import油time,油threading,油processing
for油cls油in油[threading.Thread,油processing.Process]:
油油油油start油=油time.time()
油油油油for油_油in油range(1000):
油油油油油油油油child油=油cls()
油油油油油油油油child.start()
油油油油油油油油child.join()
油油油油print油'Spawning油1000油children油with油%s油took油%.2fs'油%油(
油油油油油油油油cls.__name__,油time.time()油足油start)



michal@ubuntu:~$油python油test.py油
Spawning油1000油children油with油Thread油took油0.19s
Spawning油1000油children油with油Process油took油4.76s



11.10.2008                                                  7/35
Typy procesov

   
       Interakt鱈vne procesy
   
       Automatick辿 procesy
   
       禽辿馨看稼庄 (daemons)




11.10.2008                    8/35
Interakt鱈vne procesy

    Inicializovan辿 a ovl叩dan辿 cez termin叩l
        Popredie
          
              Norm叩lne spustenie procesu
          
              Proces pripojen箪 k termin叩lu
          
              Termin叩l posiela pr鱈kazy procesu
        Pozadie
          
              Spustenie so znakom & za pr鱈kazom:      xterm &
          
              Proces sa po inicializ叩ci鱈 odpoj鱈 od termin叩lu
    michal@michal足desktop:~$油xterm油&
    [1]油29611
    michal@michal足desktop:~$油jobs
    [1]+油油Running油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油xterm油&
    michal@michal足desktop:~$油
11.10.2008                                                      9/35
Pr叩ca s interakt鱈vnymi
    procesmi
prikaz      Spust鱈 pr鱈kaz v popred鱈
prikaz油& Spust鱈 pr鱈kaz na pozad鱈 a uvoln鱈 termin叩l
jobs        Zobraz鱈 procesy be転iace na pozad鱈

 Ctrl+Z      Pozastavenie procesu SIGSTOP (suspend)

 Ctrl+C      Preru邸enie programu v popred鱈 SIGINT
bg          Reaktiv叩cia pozastaven辿ho procesu
fg          Vyvolanie programu do popredia
kill        ukonenie procesu

11.10.2008                                          10/35
Automatick辿 procesy

   
       Nie s炭 pripojen辿 k termin叩lu
   
       Sp炭邸泥an辿 na z叩klade FIFO pr鱈stupu
            at
              
                  Spustenie procesu v konkr辿tnom ase
            batch
              
                  Spustenie procesu ak je za泥a転enie syst辿mu n鱈zke




11.10.2008                                                      11/35
Daemon

   
       Vo v邸eobecnosti inicializovan辿 pri 邸tarte
   
       Procesy spusten辿 nepretr転ite
   
       Serverov辿 aplik叩cie (client-server)
   
       Napr. httpd(Apache), inetd, ftpd




11.10.2008                                         12/35
Atrib炭ty procesov

         Process ID (PID)
         Parent Proces ID (PPID)
         Nice
         Terminal (TTY)
         UID
             
                 Real User Id (RUID)
             
                 Effective User Id (EUID)
         GID
             
                 Real Group Id (RGID)
             
                 Effective Group Id (EGID)
11.10.2008                                   13/35
Parametre procesov


     michal@michal足desktop:~$油passwd油&
     [1]油6129
     [1]+油油Stopped油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油passwd

     michal@michal足desktop:~$油ps油足axo油pid,ppid
     ,nice,user,euid,ruid,cmd

     油油PID油油PPID油油NI油USER油油油油油油EUID油油RUID油油CMD
     油6106油油5944油油油0油1000油油油油油油1000油油1000油油bash
     油6129油油6106油油油0油root油油油油油油油油油0油油1000油油passwd
     油6130油油6106油油油0油1000油油油油油油1000油油1000油油ps

11.10.2008                                        14/35
Inform叩cie o procesoch


                  michal@ubuntu:~$油ps
                  油油PID油TTY油油油油油油油油油油TIME油CMD
                  油6133油pts/0油油油油00:00:00油bash
                  油6983油pts/0油油油油00:00:00油ps


   michal@ubuntu:~$油ps油aux
   USER油油油油油油油PID油%CPU油%MEM油油油油VSZ油油油RSS油TTY油油STAT油START油油油TIME油COMMAND
   root油油油油油油油油油1油油0.0油油0.2油油油2844油油1692油?油油油油Ss油油油21:20油油油0:01油/sbin/init
   root油油油油油油油油油2油油0.0油油0.0油油油油油油0油油油油油0油?油油油油S<油油油21:20油油油0:00油[kthreadd]
   root油油油油油油油油油3油油0.0油油0.0油油油油油油0油油油油油0油?油油油油S<油油油21:20油油油0:00油[ksoftirqd/0]
   root油油油油油油油油油4油油0.0油油0.0油油油油油油0油油油油油0油?油油油油S<油油油21:20油油油0:00油[watchdog/0]
   root油油油油油油油油油5油油0.0油油0.0油油油油油油0油油油油油0油?油油油油S<油油油21:20油油油0:00油[events/0]
   root油油油油油油油油油6油油0.0油油0.0油油油油油油0油油油油油0油?油油油油S<油油油21:20油油油0:00油[khelper]
   ...
   ...
   ...

11.10.2008                                                                15/35
Informacie o procesoch

     michal@ubuntu:~$油pstree
     initNetworkManager{NetworkManager}
     油油油油油NetworkManagerD
     油油油油油acpid
     油油油油油atd
     油油油油油avahi足daemonavahi足daemon
     油油油油油bonobo足activati{bonobo足activati}
     油油油油油cron
     油油油油油cupsd
     油油油油油dhcdbddhclient
     油油油油油firefox5*[{firefox}]
     油油油油油gajim.pysh
     油油油油油gconfd足2
     油油油油油gdmgdmXorg
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油gnome足sessionbluetooth足apple
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油gnome足panel
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油metacity
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油nautilus{nautilus}
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油nm足applet
     油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油油python
11.10.2008                                                      16/35
永姻鱈一鉛温糸y
 michal@ubuntu:~$油pgrep油足u油michal
 5749
 5824
 5825
 5828
 .
 .
 .


 michal@ubuntu:~$油ps油足fp油$(pgrep油firefox)
 UID油油油油油PID油油PPID油油C油STIME油TTY油TIME油CMD
 michal油油7096油油油油油1油油8油22:27油?油油油00:00:02油/usr/lib/firefox足3.0.3/f...


 michal@ubuntu:~$油renice油+4油$(pgrep油firefox)
 7096:油old油priority油0,油new油priority油4


 michal@ubuntu:~$油pkill油firefox
 michal@ubuntu:~$油killall油firefox
 firefox:油no油process油killed
11.10.2008                                                        17/35
11.10.2008   18/35
11.10.2008   19/35
Vytvorenie procesu
   
       Fork
          Vytvorenie k坦pie procesu
          Zistenie PID (Die泥a泥u sa PID zd叩 by泥 0)
          Vykonanie algoritmu na z叩klade PID
          Nov箪 proces be転鱈 v rovnakom prostred鱈
             
                 Nastavenie I/O, environment variables,...
   
       Exec
          Nahradenie procesu zavolan箪m procesom
          PID sa nemen鱈
          Nahrad鱈 sa stack, heap, data
11.10.2008                                                   20/35
禽辿馨看稼庄
   
       D辿mon m叩 ako PPID 1 (init)
   
       Rodiia d辿monizuj炭 svoje deti, aby deti
       pre転ili po ich smrti
   
       永姻鱈一鉛温糸 - Window manager
            Dok叩転eme zmeni泥 WM bez re邸tartu n鱈m
             spusten箪ch programov




11.10.2008                                         21/35
Ukonenie procesu a zombie


   
       Pri norm叩lnom ukonen鱈 vracia proces
       rodiovi exit status
   
       Zombie  rodi neprebral sign叩l o
       ukonen鱈 procesu
   
       Exit status je 鱈slo
   
       Uvo直nenie zdrojov
   
       Zabitie svojich zombie det鱈

11.10.2008                                    22/35
永姻鱈一鉛温糸y exit k坦dov

michal@michal足desktop:~$油ps油|grep油neexistuje;echo油$?
1

michal@michal足desktop:~$油ps油|grep油bash;echo油$?
18653油pts/0油油油油00:00:00油bash
0

michal@michal足desktop:~$油ls油t*;echo油$?
test.py油油tree.DBF油油tv.jpg
0

michal@michal足desktop:~$油ls油neexistuje;echo油$?
ls:油nie油je油mo転n箪油pr鱈stup油k油asd:油No油such油file油or油directory
2




11.10.2008                                                  23/35
皆庄乙稼叩鉛霞

   
       tandardne ak箪ko直vek sign叩l ukon鱈 proces
   
       Medziprocesov叩 komunik叩cia (IPC)
      kill油足l;油kill油足9油足1
   
       15 SIGTERM  Ukonenie procesu
   
       2 SIGINT  Preru邸enie (maskovate直n箪)
   
       9 SIGKILL  Zabitie (nemaskovate直n箪)
      1 SIGHUP  Odpojenie termin叩lu - nohup
      man油7油signal
11.10.2008                                    24/35
Spr叩va v箪konu procesov

   
       Motiv叩cia - Efekt鱈vne vyu転itie prostriedkov
   
       loha pre administr叩tora
      Prv叩 inform叩cia load

   
       V箪kon
            CPU
            Pam辰泥
            I/O
11.10.2008                                      25/35
load
   
       Po鱈ta v叩転en箪 priemer procesov v stave:
            Running - be転iace
            Runnable  akaj炭ce na CPU
            Uninterruptible sleep  akaj炭ce na I/O
   
       1, 5, 15 min炭t
   
       175% v poslednej min炭te
            V priemere akalo 0,75 procesu
  michal@ubuntu:~$油uptime
  油19:51:48油up油油1:24,油油4油users,油油load油average:油1.75,油0.86,油0.54


11.10.2008                                                        26/35
o m担転e ovplyvni泥 u転鱈vate直?

   
       Nesp炭邸泥a泥 ni o nie je potrebn辿
            Ve直a premenn箪ch prostredia
            Dlh辿 cesty na vyh直ad叩vanie spustite直n箪ch
             s炭borov
            Addony do window managerov atp.
            Zbyton辿 slu転by (bluetooth, cupsd)
   
       Pou転i泥 programy s men邸ou z叩泥a転ou
            locate namiesto find

11.10.2008                                              27/35
永姻鱈一鉛温糸


   michal@ubuntu:~$油time油locate油*bash*油>油output

   real 0m0.526s
   user 0m0.428s
   sys 0m0.024s


   michal@ubuntu:~$油time油find油/油足name油*bash*油>output

   real 1m11.150s
   user 0m1.152s
   sys 0m3.424s


11.10.2008                                        28/35
Bute mil箪 k in箪m procesom

   
       Upravi泥 prioritu programom
            nice
            renice
   
       Default 0
   
       Kladn辿 hodnoty
   
       Z叩porn辿 hodnoty iba root
   
       Index叩cia beagle, trackerd
   
       Nie je dobr箪 n叩pad zni転ova泥 prioritu
       interakt鱈vnej aplik叩ci鱈
11.10.2008                                    29/35
Pam辰泥 a disk


michal@ubuntu:~$油free油足m
油油油油油油油油油油油油油total油油油used油油油free油shared油buffers油cached
Mem:油油油油油油油油油油油757油油油油745油油油油油12油油油油油油0油油油油油油油2油油油油289
足/+油buffers/cache:油油油油453油油油油304
Swap:油油油油油油油油油1027油油油油油24油油油1002



michal@ubuntu:~$油vmstat油
procs油足足足足足足足足memory足足足足足足足足足足油足swap油足足足io足足油足system足油足足足足cpu足足足足
油r油油b油油油swpd油油free油buff油油cache油si油so油油bi油油bo油油in油油油cs油us油sy油id油wa
油2油油0油油25532油10756油1156油298216油油1油油4油282油147油321油1172油19油油4油73油油4




11.10.2008                                                          30/35
o s u邸etren箪m asom

   
       sleep
   
       at
   
       batch
   
       cron

   $(sleep油1800;油echo油Skoncilo油cviko)油&

   $(nohup油sleep油5h;油nice油足30油moj_program)油&



11.10.2008                                     31/35
at, atrm, atq

   
      Spust鱈 program v danom ase
  michal@ubuntu:~$油at油22:00
  warning:油commands油will油be油executed油using油/bin/sh
  at>油echo油Spustil油som油sa:油$(date)油>油at.txt
  at>油<EOT>
  job油1油at油Fri油Oct油10油22:00:00油2008

  michal@ubuntu:~$油cat油at.txt油
  Spustil油som油sa:油Pi油okt油10油22:00:00油CEST油2008


  michal@ubuntu:~$油batch
  warning:油commands油will油be油executed油using油/bin/sh
  at>油echo油Spustil油som油sa:油$(date)油>油at.txt
  at>油<EOT>
  job油2油at油Fri油Oct油10油22:08:00油2008

  michal@ubuntu:~$油cat油at.txt油
  Spustil油som油sa:油Pi油okt油10油22:14:29油CEST油2008

11.10.2008                                           32/35
cron

   
       Pl叩nova
   
       /etc/cron.d
      crontab油足e (editova泥 v箪hradne cez -e)
      crontab油足l
   
       U転ivate直sk辿 crontaby v /var/spool/cron
#/etc/crontab
#m油h油dom油mon油dow油油user油command
17油*   *油油油油*油油油*油root油cd油/油&&油run足parts油足足report油/etc/cron.hourly
25油6   *油油油油*油油油*油root cd油/油&&油run足parts油足足report油/etc/cron.daily
47油6   *油油油油*油油油7油root cd油/油&&油run足parts油足足report油/etc/cron.weekly
52油6   1油油油油*油油油*油root cd油/油&&油run足parts油足足report油/etc/cron.monthly
#
11.10.2008                                                       33/35
Zhrnutie

   
       o s炭 procesy a vl叩kna
   
       Typy procesov
   
       貼ivotn箪 cyklus procesu
   
       皆庄乙稼叩鉛霞
   
       Priority
   
       Pl叩novanie



11.10.2008                      34/35
akujem za pozornos泥
             Na pr鱈padn辿 ot叩zky r叩d odpoviem

             michal6103 [at] gmail [dot] com


11.10.2008                                     35/35
Sponzori
Referencie


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-more-on-user-id-passw
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/faq/part4/section-10.h
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~istoica/classes/cs194/05/no
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vfork
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exec_(operating_system)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork-exec
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_(computing)

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