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USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 1

Metastability

2012 @ USB DESIGN HOUSE


Clock
It is a Periodic Event, causes state of memory element to change.
It can be of rising edge, falling edge, high level, low level.



Timing requirements of edge triggered flip-flops

There is a timing
"window" around the ts-set up time
clocking event Minimum time before the clocking event by which the
during which the input input must be stable
must remain stable
and unchanged th-hold time
in order Minimum time after the clocking event during which
to be recognized the input must remain stable



Metastability
Async in Synchronous
system

CLK

•In non-synchronous systems, if the asynchronous input
signals violate a flip flop's timing requirements, the
output of the flip flops can become metastable.



Bistable element
HIGH LOW

LOW HIGH

LOW HIGH

HIGH LOW


Metastability
 Metastability is inherent in any bistable circuit

 Two stable points, one metastable point



Another look at metastability

The likelihood that a flip-flop enters a metastable state and
the time required to return to a stable state varies
depending on the process technology used to manufacture
the device and on the ambient conditions. Generally, flip-
flops will quickly return to a stable state


Avoiding Metastability
How?

•Inputs must be synchronized with the system clock
before being applied to a synchronous system.


A simple synchronizer

As shown in above figure, a D flip-flop samples the asynchronous
input at each of the system clock and produces a synchronous
output that is valid during the next clock period.
•But there is a problem ?
•the synchronizer output may become metastable when setup and
hold time are not met.



Only one synchronizer per input

In this design, the two flip-flops will not see clock and input at precisely
same time because of physical delays in the circuit. Therefore when
asynchronous input transitions occur near the clock edge, there is a small
window of time during which one flip-flop may sample the input as 1 and the
other may sample it as 0.

An asynchronous input driving two synchronizers through
combinational logic.

The different paths through the combinational logic will inevitably have
different delays, the likelihood of an inconsistent result is even more
greater. The proper way to use an asynchronous signal as a state
machine input is as shown in next figure.



Better Way To Synchronize Asynchronous Input In
State Machine.

All of the excitation (Combinational) logic sees the same synchronized input
signal, SYNCIN.



Synchronizer failure and Metastability resolution time

•Synchronizer failure is said to occur if the system uses
synchronizer output while the output is still in
metastable state.

•One way to get a flip-flop out of a metastable state is
to wait long enough so the flip-flop comes out
of metastability on its own.



Metastability resolution time

•It is the maximum time that the output can remain metastable
without causing synchronizer(and system) failure.

For the above synchronizer the
Metastability resolution time
tr = tclk-tsu



If there is any combinational ckt then
tr=tclk-tsu-tcomb



Recommended synchronizer design



MTBF(Mean Time Between synchronizer Failure)
Theoretical results suggests and experimental research
has confirmed ,that when asynchronous inputs change
during the decision window , the duration of
metastability is governed by the Exponential Formula



Example

•For a typical 74LS74 flipflop,for which To=0.4 ns an T(twoe)=1.5ns.
•Tsu=20 ns; and the clock period is 100ns (10 MHz);

•tr(resolution time)=tclk-tsu=100-20=80 ns;

•If the synchronizer input changes 100,000 times per second,the
• MTBF(80 ns)=exp(80/1.5)/0.4.(10)7 .(10)5
=3.6. 1011 seconds
= about 100 centuries between
failures.
•With clk period of 62.5 ns MTBF=3.1 s !!!!!!!!!!



THANK YOU


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Metastability

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