Microteaching- a way of teaching at gross root level
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Bacteria have a simple cell structure without organelles or a nucleus. The bacterial cell consists of an outer capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane. Inside is the cytoplasm containing ribosomes, the nucleoid, and other structures. Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or endospores, and sexually through transformation, conjugation, or transduction which allow exchange of DNA between cells.
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Uncover the fundamental principles underlying microbiology through visually stunning slides and concise, easy-to-follow explanations. Learn about the techniques and tools used to study microorganisms, including microscopy, culturing methods, and molecular biology approaches. Discover the key characteristics of different microbial groups, such as their morphological diversity, metabolism, and genetic traits.
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Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plant materials through tissue culture techniques. It involves four main stages: selection and sterilization of explant material, multiplication of propagules in culture, regeneration of plantlets, and acclimatization of plantlets to soil conditions. The method allows for large-scale production of disease-free plants in a controlled environment and offers advantages such as year-round production and transport of materials across borders. However, it also has limitations such as high costs, need for specialized facilities and skilled personnel, and lack of confirmed genetic stability in some methods.TEACHING PLAN- with all planned lesson for your career growth
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The document outlines a structure for organizing content with various titles, subtitles, and sections. It includes instructions to add text and explain points of view under each subtitle. The overall structure includes a contents section followed by multiple titled sections that can each contain subtitles and additional content.Nucleus - Structure and function of nucleolus
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The document discusses the nucleolus, which was discovered in the 19th century. It is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and can vary in size. The nucleolus has an intricate internal structure and plays an important role in ribosomal biogenesis through its involvement in the synthesis and assembly of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits.plant tissue culture technique and importance
plant tissue culture technique and importanceYoGeshSharma834784
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on nutrient media. It allows for the multiplication and regeneration of whole plants from isolated plant cells. The key stages of micropropagation through tissue culture include selection of explant tissue from a mother plant, sterilization, establishment in culture media, multiplication through cell division and shoot formation, rooting of shoots, and hardening of plantlets.Protoplast fusion and formation of hybrid and cybrid
Protoplast fusion and formation of hybrid and cybridYoGeshSharma834784
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Protoplast fusion involves isolating plant cells called protoplasts that have had their cell walls removed. This allows the fusion of protoplasts from different plant species using techniques like PEG or electrofusion. The fused protoplasts can regenerate into hybrid plants. Protoplast fusion is used for plant breeding to create hybrids of sexually incompatible species. It provides a way to combine genomes and study gene expression and inheritance. However, the process of isolating intact protoplasts can be challenging and yields may be low.Translation- formation of protein from mRNA
Translation- formation of protein from mRNAYoGeshSharma834784
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Translation is the process by which the three-nucleotide sequences of mRNA (codons) are used to direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins. A codon codes for a specific amino acid, with some codons signaling the start or stop of protein production. The ribosome facilitates translation by linking amino acids together based on the mRNA codons into a polypeptide chain.chromosomal aberrations.ppt
chromosomal aberrations.pptYoGeshSharma834784
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The document provides information about chromosomal aberrations including definitions of key terms like chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, karyotype, autosomes, and sex chromosomes. It then describes different types of chromosomal abnormalities including structural abnormalities like deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and numerical abnormalities involving aneuploidy and polyploidy. Specific chromosomal disorders are summarized, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and others resulting from aneuploidy. The roles of non-disjunction and translocations in conditions like Down syndrome are explained. Overall features and implications of various chromosomal aberrations are concisely outlined.mutations.pptx
mutations.pptxYoGeshSharma834784
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This document discusses spontaneous and induced mutations, as well as genetic mosaics. It defines mutations as heritable changes in DNA that are important for genetics studies. Spontaneous mutations occur naturally through errors in DNA replication or chemical changes. Induced mutations are caused by environmental agents like radiation or chemicals. Genetic mosaics occur when cells in an individual have different genotypes due to mutations arising during early development. This can result in conditions like intersex traits or milder forms of genetic disorders.linkage and recombination.pptx
linkage and recombination.pptxYoGeshSharma834784
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Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes that are located physically close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. This occurs because closely linked genes are unlikely to be separated during chromosomal crossover. Genetic linkage was discovered in 1906 by Bateson and Punnett while studying inheritance of flower color and pollen length in peas. They observed offspring ratios that deviated from the expected independent assortment ratio, providing evidence that the genes were linked. Linked genes can sometimes separate through the process of recombination during meiosis, where chromosomes exchange DNA segments through crossover. The frequency of recombination between two genes is used to estimate the distance between them on the chromosome map.Transposibleelements.pptx
Transposibleelements.pptxYoGeshSharma834784
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This document discusses transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move within genomes. It describes different types of transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, examples discussed include insertion sequence (IS) elements and transposons. In eukaryotes, examples of transposable elements found in corn, yeast, and Drosophila are described. The mechanisms of both replicative and non-replicative transposition are summarized. Barbara McClintock's pioneering discoveries of transposable elements in corn through her studies of kernel color are also highlighted.Recently uploaded (20)
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Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025
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APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
-Autonomy, Teams and Tension: Projects under stress
-Tim Lyons
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team-working: Harmony and tensions
With a background in projects spanning more than 40 years, Tim Lyons specialised in the delivery of large, complex, multi-disciplinary programmes for clients including Crossrail, Network Rail, ExxonMobil, Siemens and in patent development. His first career was in broadcasting, where he designed and built commercial radio station studios in Manchester, Cardiff and Bristol, also working as a presenter and programme producer. Tim now writes and presents extensively on matters relating to the human and neurological aspects of projects, including communication, ethics and coaching. He holds a Masters degree in NLP, is an NLP Master Practitioner and International Coach. He is the Deputy Lead for APMs People Interest Network.
Session | The Neurological Levels of Team-working: Harmony and Tensions
Understanding how teams really work at conscious and unconscious levels is critical to a harmonious workplace. This session uncovers what those levels are, how to use them to detect and avoid tensions and how to smooth the management of change by checking you have considered all of them.N.C. DPI's 2023 Language Diversity Briefing
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Microteaching- a way of teaching at gross root level
- 1. Bacteria-Ultrastructure and reproduction Mr. Yogesh Sharma Assistant Professor Department of Botany GDC,Akhnoor
- 2. The Bacterial Cell Bacteria are unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group where the organisms lack a few organelles and a true nucleus. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology and it is a branch of microbiology. The average size of most bacteria ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometres. Shape of bacteria -Coccus shape (cocci); rod shape (bacillus, bacilli); spiral shapes (spirochetes, spirillum, spirilla); filamentous, various odd shapes.
- 3. The bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure The bacterial cell consist of (a) three layers -Capsule/Glycocalyx,Cell wall and Plasma membrane (b) Cytoplasm- Gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures like ribosomes,nucleoid,mesosomes and plasmids. Capsule:Capsule is a kind of slime layer, which covers the outside of the cell wall, composed of a thick polysaccharide.It is used to stick cells together and works as a food reserve.It protects the cell from dryness and from chemicals.
- 4. Cell Wall : Cell wall of bacteria is made up of glycoprotein murein. The main function of cell wall is that it helps in providing support, mechanical strength and rigidity to cell. It protects cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium. Plasma Membrane: It is also known as cytoplasmic membrane (or) cell membrane. It is composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates, forming a fluid- mosaic. It helps in transportation of substances including removal of wastes from the body thus helps in providing a mechanical barrier to the cell. Plasma membrane acts as a semi permeable membrane, which allows only selected material to move inside and outside of the cell.
- 5. Cytoplasm: It helps in cellular growth, metabolism and replication. It is the store houses of all the chemicals and components that are used to sustain the life of a bacterium. Ribosome: A tiny granule made up of RNA and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. They are freely floating structures that helps in transferring the genetic code. Plasmid: Plasmids are small circle of DNA. Bacterial cells have many plasmids. Plasmids are used to exchange DNA between the bacterial cells.
- 6. Flagella: It is a rigid rotating tail. It helps the cell to move in clockwise and anticlockwise, forward and also helps thecell to spin. Pilli: Short protein appendages. Smaller than flagella and fixes bacteria to surfaces. It also helps in reproduction during conjugation.
- 7. Reproduction in Bacteria: Asexual reproduction: Binary fission and also by endospores. Sexual reproduction: It takes place by distinct methods like transformation, conjugation and transduction.