Multiplex Ligation- Dependent Probe Amplification (50 kadar farklı genomik DNA veya RNA dizisindeki normal olmayan kopya sayısının tespitini sağlayan bir multipleks PCR yöntemi)
MLPAmarongenMLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) is a technique that allows for the relative quantification of up to 45 genomic DNA sequences in one reaction using PCR. It requires only a small amount of DNA and can detect changes in copy number that differ by a single nucleotide. The MLPA technique involves denaturation of DNA samples, hybridization of probes, ligation of probes, amplification by PCR, and analysis via capillary electrophoresis. MLPA kits are available for detection of aneuploidies, deletions/duplications associated with genetic disorders, and gene expression changes in cancer.
Biyokimya: GirişHikmet GeckilSevgili öğrenciler,
İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü 3. sınıfında zorunlu bir ders olan Biyokimya iki dönem boyunca haftalık 3 saat olarak okutulan bir derstir. Beş yıldan beridir öğrencilerimize verile gelen bu notların içeriği her yıl yeniden gözden geçirilip uygun yenilemeler ve düzeltmelerle güncellenmektedir. Örneğin geçen yıl tek bir kitap olarak basılan ders notları, bu yıl iki dönem için Biyokimya I ve Biyokimya II olmak üzere iki cilt halinde basılmıştır. Böylece, her dönemde işlenecek konular için o konuları içeren cildin yanınızda olması yeterli olacaktır. Kitap baştan sona gözden geçirilerek, konu sonunda verilen “çözülmüş sorular” ve “sorular” bölümleri ile zenginleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, her cildin sonuna kullanışlı tablo, grafik ve dizinler eklenmiştir. Son olarak, bu yeni kitaba “Biyokimya ve Moleküler Biyoloji”de yaygın kullanılan birçok terimi içeren bir “sözlük” eklenmiştir. Bu sözlüğü hazırlayan bölümümüz Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi Elif Özbey’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca, kitap için bir takım geri-bildirimde bulunan siz sevgili öğrenciler ve meslektaşlarıma en derin sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum. Yapılmış olan çeşitli dil bilgisi ve yazım hatalarının yanında, geniş bir alanı kapsayan ve her gün gelişen biyokimya gibi bir bilim alanı için hazırlanmış olan bu notlarda, varsa bilimsel hataların da hoş görüleceğini umuyorum.
Sevgilerimle,
Hikmet Geçkil Ekim 2007, Malatya
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2. MLPA tekniği
• MLPA tek bir nüklotid değişikliği olan dizilerin dahi ayrımını sağlayacak
şekilde, 50 kadar farklı genomik DNA veya RNA dizisindeki normal
olmayan kopya sayısının tespitini sağlayan bir multipleks PCR yöntemidir.
• İlk kez 2002 yılında (Schouten JP et al. Nucleic Acids Res).
• Bugüne kadar MLPA tekniği kullanılarak 750’den fazla makale
yayınlandı.
• Her yıl 1,000,000’ dan fazla çalışma MLPA ile yapılıyor.
• Dünya genelinde 80 ülkede, 800’den fazla lab’da rutin olarak
kullanılmakta.
3. NOT:
MLPA çalışması için sadece bir termalcycler ve kapiler elektroforez
cihazına ihtiyaç duyulur.
Aynı anda 96 numuneyi 24 saat içinde sonuç alacak şekilde işleme tabi
tutmak mümkündür.
4. MLPA’nın getirdiği avantajlar
MLPA, kopya sayısı belirlenmesi konusunda diğer tekniklere karşın daha hassastır.
(Dizi analizi (sekans) ve DHPLC gibi yöntemler, genellikle kopya sayısı değişikliği
tespitinde başarısız kalmaktadır)
İyi karakterize edilmiş delesyon ve amplifikasyonlar PCR ile belirlenebilse de,
çoğunlukla delesyonların tam kırılma noktaları bilinmemektedir.
FISH ile tespiti mümkün olmayan sık tek gen değişiklerinin (çok kısa diziler 50-70 nt)
belirlenebilmesi sağlaması bakımından avantaj sunmaktadır.
“Array CGH” ile karşılaştırdığımızda, MLPA daha az maliyetli ve daha az karmaşık
bir yöntemdir.
MLPA tüm genomu hedefleyen araştırma taramaları için uygun olmamakla birlikte,
birçok rutin uygulama için“array” tabanlı tekniklere iyi bir alternatiftir.
45 farklı dizilimi hedefleyen MLPA reaksiyonu, sadece 20 ng insan DNA’sı gerektirir
(~3000 hücre) ve sadece bir nükleotitteki farklılığı içeren dizilimleri ayırt edebilme
potansiyeline sahiptir.
5. MLPA Probları
Problardan biri sentetik diğeri ise M-13 türevli bir oligonukleotit. Bu propların kullanılması
ile 130-481 nucleotitlik ürünler meydana gelir.
Her iki prob da sentetik oligonükleotit olursa oluşacak ürün miktarı 94-130 nucleotit
büyüklüğünde olacak. Çünkü bunlar stuffer sequence içermezler.
Bugün, göreceli olarak sık rastlanan (Duchenne, DiGeorge sendromu, SMA) hastalıklardan
daha nadir görülenlerine (hereditary pancreatitis, Antithrombin deficiency, Birt-Hogg-Dube
sendromu) kadar 300’ün üzerinde prob seti kullanıma hazır olarak piyasaya sunulmuştur.
6. Birinci safhada;
DNA denature edilir
MPLA prob karışımı ile bir gece inkübasyon.
İki prob tamamen komşu dizilere hybridize olur
Ligasyon aşamasında sadece birbirine komşu
hedeflere hybridize olmuş iki probun bağlanması
gerçekleşir
PCR reaksiyonu sırasında sadece bağlı problar
çoğaltılacağından, prob bağlı ürünün sayısı,
örnekteki hedef dizi sayısı için bir ölçü teşkil eder.
Kapiler elektroforez kullanılarak çoğaltılmış
ürünler ayrıştırılır.
Bağlanmamış prob oligonüklotidler bir primer
dizisi içerirler.
Sonuç olarak, bunlar eksponansiyel olarak
çoğaltılmaz ve bir işaret de üretemezler.
MLPA yönteminde, bu yüzden bağlanmamış
probların bertarafı gereksizdir ve bu da yöntemin
uygulanmasını kolaylaştırır.
7. MLPA Reaksiyonu
MLPA reaksiyonunu beş safhaya ayırılabilir ;
1. DNA denaturasyonu (Heat 5 mins at 98°C)
2. MLPA problarının hibridizasyonu (Incubate 1 minute at 95°C + 16 hours
hybridization at 60°C)
3. ligasyon (bağlanma) reaksiyonu (Add ligase mix and incubate 15 minutes at
54°C; Heat to inactivate the ligase: 5 minutes 98°C)
4. PCR reaksiyonu (Add primers, dNTPs and polymerase; Start PCR)
5. Amplifiye ürünün elektroforez ile ayrıştırılması
6. Veri analizi (Determine RELATIVE size of the fluorescent peaks, Compare
results to reference samples)
8. Kullanım alanları;
Mutasyon analizleri
Tek nükleotit polimorfizim
DNA metilasyon analizi
mRNA kantitasyonu
Hücre hatlarının ve dokuların kromozom analizleri
Gen kopya sayılarının analizi
Kanser genlerindeki ( BRCA1, BRCA2, hMLH1 ve hMSH2) duplikasyon ve
delesyonların tespiti
Anöploidi tespiti
Prenetal teşhis…vb.
9. Detection of Chr. X copy number: 1, 2 or 3 copies per cell
X
Male
Female
Triple X
16. Methylation detection
• Epigenetics
– Regulation of gene transcription due to methylation of CpG
nucleotides located within the promoters.
– Example: Hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter in brain
tumors.
• Imprinting
– Regions of the genome where the methylation patterns are
preserved in the same way as they were inherited from the
parents.
– Examples: The chr.15 Prader-Willy/Angelman region and the chr.
11 Beckwidt-Wiedemann region.
Detection of aberrant CpG island methylation.
18. MS-MLPA: promotors tumor suppressor genes
No digestion
HhaI digestion (blood derived DNA):
Reference probes remain intact, no HhaI site
ME001 probemix: 15 reference probes without HhaI sites; 26 probes for sequences with
HhaI sites that are unmethylated in blood derived control DNA but sometimes methylated
in tumor DNA.
19. MLPA discriminates sequences that differ in only a single nucleotide & can be
used to detect known point mutations.
20. Probes specific for known mutations can be included
CFTR DF508 carrier
Both alleles wild type
CFTR DF508/ DF508 patient
21. -Spinal Muscular Dystrophy –
• The SMN1 and SMN2 genes are very closely related.
• Important difference: one nucleotide change in exon 7.
• P021 SMA probemix:
– copy number of both SMN1 and SMN2
– used for patient samples.
• P060 SMA carrier probemix:
– copy number changes of SMN1
– used for carrier screening.
• The presence of zero, one, two, three and four copies of SMN1
or SMN2 can be determined.
• In 95% of the cases, the cause of SMA can be detected by one
MLPA reaction.
Major applications of MLPA