![The dir() Function
Used to find the names a module defines and returns
a sorted list of strings
>>> import mod
>>> dir(mod)
[_name_, m1, m2]
Without arguments, it lists the names currently
defined (variables, modules, functions, etc)
Does not list names of built-in functions and
variables
Use _bulltin_to view all built-in functions and variables](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mod-241128210652-a38c2f50/85/mod-ppt-mod-ppt-mod-ppt-mod-ppt-mod-pp-d-9-320.jpg)
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- 2. What are Modules? Modules are files containing Python definitions and statements (ex. name.py) A modules definitions can be imported into other modules by using import name The modules name is available as a global variable value To access a modules functions, type name.function()
- 3. More on Modules Modules can contain executable statements along with function definitions Each module has its own private symbol table used as the global symbol table by all functions in the module Modules can import other modules Each module is imported once per interpreter session reload(name) Can import names from a module into the importing modules symbol table from mod import m1, m2 (or *) m1()
- 4. Executing Modules python name.py <arguments> Runs code as if it was imported Setting _name_ == _main_ the file can be used as a script and an importable module
- 5. The Module Search Path The interpreter searches for a file named name.py Current directory given by variable sys.path List of directories specified by PYTHONPATH Default path (in UNIX - .:/usr/local/lib/python) Script being run should not have the same name as a standard module or an error will occur when the module is imported
- 6. Compiled Python Files If files mod.pyc and mod.py are in the same directory, there is a byte-compiled version of the module mod The modification time of the version of mod.py used to create mod.pyc is stored in mod.pyc Normally, the user does not need to do anything to create the .pyc file A compiled .py file is written to the .pyc No error for failed attempt, .pyc is recognized as invalid Contents of the .pyc can be shared by different machines
- 7. Some Tips -O flag generates optimized code and stores it in .pyo files Only removes assert statements .pyc files are ignored and .py files are compiled to optimized bytecode Passing two OO flags Can result in malfunctioning programs _doc_ strings are removed Same speed when read from .pyc, .pyo, or .py files, .pyo and .pyc files are loaded faster Startup time of a script can be reduced by moving its code to a module and importing the module Can have a .pyc or .pyo file without having a .py file for the same module Module compileall creates .pyc or .pyo files for all modules in a directory
- 8. Standard Modules Python comes with a library of standard modules described in the Python Library Reference Some are built into interpreter >>> import sys >>> sys.s1 >>> >>> sys.s1 = c> c> print Hello Hello c> sys.path determines the interpreterss search path for modules, with the default path taken from PYTHONPATH Can be modified with append() (ex. Sys.path.append(SOMEPATH)
- 9. The dir() Function Used to find the names a module defines and returns a sorted list of strings >>> import mod >>> dir(mod) [_name_, m1, m2] Without arguments, it lists the names currently defined (variables, modules, functions, etc) Does not list names of built-in functions and variables Use _bulltin_to view all built-in functions and variables
- 10. Packages dotted module names (ex. a.b) Submodule b in package a Saves authors of multi-module packages from worrying about each others module names Python searches through sys.path directories for the package subdirectory Users of the package can import individual modules from the package Ways to import submodules import sound.effects.echo from sound.effects import echo Submodules must be referenced by full name An ImportError exception is raised when the package cannot be found
- 11. Importing * From a Package * does not import all submodules from a package Ensures that the package has been imported, only importing the names of the submodules defined in the package import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import *
- 12. Intra-package References Submodules can refer to each other Surround might use echo module import echo also loads surround module import statement first looks in the containing package before looking in the standard module search path Absolute imports refer to submodules of sibling packages sound.filters.vocoder uses echo module from sound.effects import echo Can write explicit relative imports from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer
- 13. Packages in Multiple Directories _path_ is a list containing the name of the directory holding the packages _init_.py Changing this variable can affect futute searches for modules and subpackages in the package Can be used to extend the set of modules in a package Not often needed