The document describes a case of a 55-year-old male patient presenting with diplopia, blurred vision and headache for 1 day. MRI showed features suggestive of left optic neuritis. The patient was diagnosed with oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial nerve) palsy with multiple cranial nerves neuropathy. He was treated with corticosteroids, NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors and discharged on oral medications with counseling on disease, medications, lifestyle modifications and monitoring parameters. Clinical pharmacy services were also provided regarding use of IV PPI and untreated hypertension.
Strabismus surgery made simple: Dr. Madhu Karna StrabismologistMadhu Karna
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Strabismus or misaligned eye resurgeries can be necessary when the initial surgery results in overcorrection, undercorrection, or a progressive problem. Key factors for resurgery include amblyopia, high hyperopia, assessing the initial surgery results and any new components. It is important to fully treat amblyopia before initial strabismus surgery. For cases of consecutive exotropia after surgery, measuring the eye alignment over maximum cycloplegic refraction can help determine if a resurgery is needed to correct the exotropia. Being conservative or aggressive in the resurgery approach depends on whether the strabismus is mainly sensory or requires additional muscle weakening. The goal is to
This document discusses retinal detachment, specifically rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. It defines retinal detachment as the separation of the neural retina from the pigment epithelium of the retina. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment results from a retinal break held open by vitreous traction, allowing liquefied vitreous to accumulate under the retina and separate it from the RPE. The document covers the epidemiology, risk factors, examination techniques including indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasound, and characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
The document discusses the retina and macula. It begins by describing the layers of the retina and macula, including the fovea. It then discusses the cell types found in each layer, such as photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. The document goes on to explain retinal vasculature and how the retina is supplied by the central retinal artery. It concludes by briefly mentioning common imaging techniques used to examine the retina and macula.
This document discusses the surgical management of 3rd nerve palsy. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the 3rd nerve. It then discusses the various causes, types, and clinical manifestations of 3rd nerve palsy. It provides details on the evaluation and treatment approach, including observation, temporary measures, and surgical procedures for partial and complete 3rd nerve palsy cases. The surgical management protocols and various procedures are explained, along with their goals and potential complications.
Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid)Tanvi Gupta
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The document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of entropion, a condition characterized by the inward turning of the eyelid against the eye, leading to symptoms like redness and irritation. It classifies entropion into congenital and acquired types, detailing the most common form, involutional entropion, which primarily affects older individuals due to lid laxity. The document emphasizes the importance of pre-operative evaluation to determine the specific type and contributing factors of entropion to select an appropriate surgical intervention.
Ophthalmodynamometry is a clinical procedure that measures the pressure in the ophthalmic artery to assess patency of the internal carotid artery. It involves applying pressure to the eye until the central retinal artery collapses, noting the diastolic and systolic pressures. This provides information about blood flow through the ophthalmic artery and can detect carotid artery occlusive diseases, helping prevent strokes. The procedure has been used since the early 1900s and modern methods include compression or suction ophthalmodynamometry. Precautions must be taken and it can detect conditions affecting the carotid or cerebral vasculature.
Dry eye is a disease of the ocular surface caused by disturbances in the tear film. The normal tear film consists of an inner mucin layer, middle aqueous layer, and outer lipid layer, which work together to form a stable tear film. Disruptions to the tear film components or their functions can lead to dry eye. Common tests to diagnose dry eye include tear break-up time, fluorescein clearance, and tear osmolarity measurement, which help identify tear film instability and inflammation associated with the condition.
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
Anatomy of visual pathway and its lesions.Ruchi Pherwani
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1) The visual pathway begins with photoreceptors in the retina which transmit visual information via the optic nerve and optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus. It then continues via the optic radiations to the primary visual cortex.
2) Lesions along the visual pathway can cause different types of visual field defects, including complete blindness from optic nerve lesions, bitemporal hemianopia from chiasmal lesions, and homonymous hemianopia from lesions of the optic tract or beyond.
3) The document discusses the anatomy and blood supply of structures in the visual pathway like the optic nerve, chiasm, tract, lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. It also describes various causes and characteristics
The document discusses the causes and evaluation of epiphora, which is characterized by excess tearing due to either hypersecretion of tears or impaired drainage from the lacrimal system. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system, the mechanisms of tear drainage, clinical causes of epiphora including anatomical and functional obstructions, as well as diagnostic approaches like syringing and probing. A thorough evaluation is necessary to distinguish between epiphora and hyperlacrimation, and to identify the underlying issues affecting tear flow.
This document discusses glaucoma and how it is characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and loss of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in visual field loss. It can now be detected earlier through evaluation of optic nerve head changes and retinal nerve fiber layer defects, before visual field loss occurs. Specific morphological changes are seen in the optic nerve head in glaucoma, including loss of neuroretinal rim tissue, notching of the rim, hemorrhages across the rim, cupping of the disc, and defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer. Features like cup-to-disc ratio, location of blood vessels, and peripapillary changes can provide clues to detecting glaucomatous damage.
Anatomy of extraocular muscles and ocular motilityvanya kodali
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The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological details of the extraocular muscles and eye movements:
1. It describes the bony orbit anatomy, six extraocular muscles and their actions, innervation and blood supply. The four rectus muscles control horizontal and vertical eye movements, while the two oblique muscles enable torsional movements.
2. The document outlines uniocular and binocular eye movements including versions, vergences, and diagnostic positions of gaze. Hering's and Sherrington's laws govern coordinated eye movements between the eyes.
3. Supranuclear control systems like saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergence and vestibulo-ocular pathways mediate voluntary and reflexive eye movements
The document discusses the retina and macula. It begins by describing the layers of the retina and macula, including the fovea. It then discusses the cell types found in each layer, such as photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. The document goes on to explain retinal vasculature and how the retina is supplied by the central retinal artery. It concludes by briefly mentioning common imaging techniques used to examine the retina and macula.
This document discusses the surgical management of 3rd nerve palsy. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the 3rd nerve. It then discusses the various causes, types, and clinical manifestations of 3rd nerve palsy. It provides details on the evaluation and treatment approach, including observation, temporary measures, and surgical procedures for partial and complete 3rd nerve palsy cases. The surgical management protocols and various procedures are explained, along with their goals and potential complications.
Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid)Tanvi Gupta
?
The document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of entropion, a condition characterized by the inward turning of the eyelid against the eye, leading to symptoms like redness and irritation. It classifies entropion into congenital and acquired types, detailing the most common form, involutional entropion, which primarily affects older individuals due to lid laxity. The document emphasizes the importance of pre-operative evaluation to determine the specific type and contributing factors of entropion to select an appropriate surgical intervention.
Ophthalmodynamometry is a clinical procedure that measures the pressure in the ophthalmic artery to assess patency of the internal carotid artery. It involves applying pressure to the eye until the central retinal artery collapses, noting the diastolic and systolic pressures. This provides information about blood flow through the ophthalmic artery and can detect carotid artery occlusive diseases, helping prevent strokes. The procedure has been used since the early 1900s and modern methods include compression or suction ophthalmodynamometry. Precautions must be taken and it can detect conditions affecting the carotid or cerebral vasculature.
Dry eye is a disease of the ocular surface caused by disturbances in the tear film. The normal tear film consists of an inner mucin layer, middle aqueous layer, and outer lipid layer, which work together to form a stable tear film. Disruptions to the tear film components or their functions can lead to dry eye. Common tests to diagnose dry eye include tear break-up time, fluorescein clearance, and tear osmolarity measurement, which help identify tear film instability and inflammation associated with the condition.
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
Anatomy of visual pathway and its lesions.Ruchi Pherwani
?
1) The visual pathway begins with photoreceptors in the retina which transmit visual information via the optic nerve and optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus. It then continues via the optic radiations to the primary visual cortex.
2) Lesions along the visual pathway can cause different types of visual field defects, including complete blindness from optic nerve lesions, bitemporal hemianopia from chiasmal lesions, and homonymous hemianopia from lesions of the optic tract or beyond.
3) The document discusses the anatomy and blood supply of structures in the visual pathway like the optic nerve, chiasm, tract, lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. It also describes various causes and characteristics
The document discusses the causes and evaluation of epiphora, which is characterized by excess tearing due to either hypersecretion of tears or impaired drainage from the lacrimal system. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system, the mechanisms of tear drainage, clinical causes of epiphora including anatomical and functional obstructions, as well as diagnostic approaches like syringing and probing. A thorough evaluation is necessary to distinguish between epiphora and hyperlacrimation, and to identify the underlying issues affecting tear flow.
This document discusses glaucoma and how it is characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and loss of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in visual field loss. It can now be detected earlier through evaluation of optic nerve head changes and retinal nerve fiber layer defects, before visual field loss occurs. Specific morphological changes are seen in the optic nerve head in glaucoma, including loss of neuroretinal rim tissue, notching of the rim, hemorrhages across the rim, cupping of the disc, and defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer. Features like cup-to-disc ratio, location of blood vessels, and peripapillary changes can provide clues to detecting glaucomatous damage.
Anatomy of extraocular muscles and ocular motilityvanya kodali
?
The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological details of the extraocular muscles and eye movements:
1. It describes the bony orbit anatomy, six extraocular muscles and their actions, innervation and blood supply. The four rectus muscles control horizontal and vertical eye movements, while the two oblique muscles enable torsional movements.
2. The document outlines uniocular and binocular eye movements including versions, vergences, and diagnostic positions of gaze. Hering's and Sherrington's laws govern coordinated eye movements between the eyes.
3. Supranuclear control systems like saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergence and vestibulo-ocular pathways mediate voluntary and reflexive eye movements
This document discusses statistical process control (SPC) concepts and charts. It begins with an outline of SPC course topics, including basic SPC terminology, when to implement SPC in a process, and how to calculate control limits. It then discusses process capability analysis, managing SPC charts, alarms, and the relationship between real-time and offline SPC. The document provides SPC chart examples and considerations for their proper design and use. It also addresses common issues with control chart rules and how to design an effective SPC system user interface.