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Mycotoxins.pptx
- 1. Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed
- 2. Mycotoxins The word mycotoxin derived from the Greek word "mykes",meaning mould, and "toxicum" meaning poison. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolite produced by the fungus (mold) that causing disease and death of animals. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium.
- 3. Characteristics of Mycotoxins: There are hundreds of known mycotoxins. They are chemically different. They vary greatly in their severity. Their molecular weight ranges from 200 to 500 kD( kilodalton) In the field During storage
- 4. In the field Field fungi invade the seeds while the crop is still in the field. They require high moisture conditions (20-21%). Fusarium Specie
- 5. Storage Fungi They invade grains or seeds during storage. They need less moisture than field fungi (13-15%) Temperature over 14-30属C Usually do not present any serious problem before harvest. Storage fungi include species of: 1. Aspergillus 2. Penicillium
- 6. Types of Mycotoxins Although several hundred mycotoxins are known, the mycotoxins of most concern, based on their toxicity and occurrence, are: Aflatoxin Trichothecenes (DON, T-2 toxin, DAS, etc) Ochratoxin A Zearalenone Ergot alkaloids Fumonisin
- 7. Mycotoxin Fungi Produced Commodities affected Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus Corn, cotton seed, peanuts, soy Ochratoxin A Aspergillus ochraceus Penicillium verrucosum Wheat, barley, oats, corn, others Trichothecenes (DON, T-2, DAS, etc) Fusarium graminearum Fusarium culmorum Corn, wheat, barley Zearalenone Fusarium graminearum Corn, wheat, barley, grass Fumonisin Fusarium verticillioides Fusarium proliferatum Corn
- 8. Mycotoxins Fungi Effect of birds Maximum Limit Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus Hepatotoxicity, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects 200-300 ppb Trichothecenes Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium sporotrichioides/ culmorum immunologic effects, hematological changes, digestive disorders, edema 100 ppb Zearalenone Fusarium graminearum estrogenic effects, atrophy of ovaries and testicles, abortion 200-300 ppb Ochratoxin Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, 3 ppm Ergot alkaloid Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps paspaspali nervous or gangrenous syndromes No restriction set Fumonisin Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum leukoencephalomalacia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity 5 ppm
- 9. Aflatoxins Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. Among poultry, ducks are the most susceptible to aflatoxin, followed by turkeys, broilers, laying hens and quail
- 10. Aflatoxin affects: Reduce weight gain Reduce feed intake and FCR Decrease egg production Decrease male and female fertility Tissue degeneration Liver cirrhosis lesions in the liver, reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow due to lipid accumulation hemorrhages in liver and other tissues
- 11. Ochratoxins A (OTA) Ochratoxins are quite toxic to poultry, as nephrotoxins produced chiefly by Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus ochraceus in grains and feed. Ochratoxicosis primarily causes renal disease but also affects the liver, immune system, and bone marrow. Ochratoxin A is the most important of the ochratoxins. Ochratoxicosis causes: decreased weight gain and poor feed conversion reduced spontaneous activity, hypothermia and huddling diarrhea, rapid weight loss, and death due to renal failure decreases in carcass yield, egg production, fertility and hatchability
- 12. Trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 toxin, etc) Trichothecenes are typical field mycotoxins. They are produced on crops entering the feed via contaminated ingredients. Poultry are most sensitive to T-2 toxin and DAS.
- 13. Signs Oral lesions, dermatitis and intestinal irritation. Gizzard erosion - Necrosis of proventricular mucosa. Immune suppression Reduced egg production - Poor shell quality. Regression of ovaries. Reduced female fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs
- 14. Zearalenone Zearalenone often occurs with DON in naturally-contaminated cereals. Zearalenone is responsible for reproductive disorders due to its estrogenic effect at high concentrations. ZEA has limited toxicity to birds. At high concentrations, the following symptoms have been observed: 1. Vent enlargement 2. Enhanced secondary sex characteristics
- 15. Fumonisin Broilers and turkeys are resistant to acute fumonisins toxicity. Spiking mortality (paralysis, extended legs and neck, wobbly gait, gasping) Reduced growth rate. Increased organ weights. Hepatocellular hyperplasia.
- 16. Prevention Proper storage (dry place) Moisture 10-12 % Temperature below 15 属C Proper ventilation Insect free place Drying grains in sunshine Toxin binders Bentonite, Zeolite HSCAS