Nat Lievesley, Centre for Policy on Ageing
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Nat Lievesley's presentation presented at the Ageing and Ethnicity, Age UK and Runnymede conference which took place on 13th December 2012.
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Nat Lievesley, Centre for Policy on Ageing
- 1. The future ageing of the ethnic minority population Ageing and Ethnicity Conference Runnymede / AgeUK Nat Lievesley Centre for Policy on Ageing December 2012
- 2. The future ageing of the ethnic minority population of England and Wales Key findings and implications of projections carried out in 2010 by the Centre for Policy on Ageing on behalf of the Runnymede Trust as part of a Nationwide Foundation funded programme of work.
- 3. Using as a base,2001 census data and the ethnic minority categories from that census
- 4. Ethnicity • Ethnicity is a ‘multi-faceted and changing phenomenon’ that may reflect a combination of a number of features including country of birth, nationality, language spoken at home, ancestral country of birth, skin colour, national or geographical origin, racial group and religion. (ONS, 2003) • An individual’s ethnicity is a self assessed concept that may change over time and is not the same as country of birth or nationality. Country of birth may sometimes be used as a proxy for ethnicity for recent migrant groups but for second and subsequent generation descendants of migrants, country of birth will be a poor indicator of ethnicity.
- 5. Projections (England and Wales) • Extrapolation from ONS 2001-2007 mid year population estimates • Cohort component projection End population = Start population + births – deaths – outward migration + survivors from inward migration – 2001 Census as base – Fertility – Mortality – Migration – Ethnic switching (trans-generational ethnic transfer)
- 6. The drawback of national projections • The ethnic minority population of England and Wales is not evenly distributed • In 2011... – 15% of population of England and Wales live in London but 41% of BME population live in London – 61% of BME population live in London , West Midlands, Greater Manchester or West Yorkshire – Over one quarter (27%) of all Bangladeshis in England and Wales live in Tower Hamlets or Newham – Over half of the black ethnic minority population live in London (Black Caribbean – 58%, Black African – 58%, Other Black – 61%) • A 2010 study from the University of Leeds suggests BME population will become more evenly spread in future (Wohland et al, Ethnic population projections for the UK and local areas, University of Leeds School of Geography, 2010)
- 7. Population age structures in 2007
- 8. Population age structures in 2007
- 9. Fertility The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of live children that a group of women would bear if they experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the calendar year in question throughout their childbearing lifespan.
- 10. Fertility
- 11. Fertility
- 12. Mortality
- 13. Mortality
- 14. Mortality
- 15. Migration
- 16. Migration • Re-migration, the return or onward migration of non-British nationals, is an increasingly important phenomenon. Since 1975 around one half of all immigrants have re-migrated. • Return migration in older age may also become an increasingly important phenomenon among some ethnic minority groups in the future.
- 17. Migration
- 18. Ethnic switching / Intergenerational ethnic transfer
- 19. Validation • The overall population projections for England and Wales derived by summing the individual ethnic minority cohort component projections are a close match to both the figures derived by extrapolation and to the principal ONS population projections for England and Wales for 2016 and 2026. • The overall population for England and Wales, derived by summing the individual ethnic minority group projections, continues to lie within 1% of ONS population projections for every 5 year time point all the way to 2051.
- 20. Ethnic minority population projections to 2051, England and Wales Note: The left axis starts at 30 million to visibly display the ethnic minority groups and therefore does not show the majority ‘White British’ group proportionately.
- 21. The future of the older black and minority ethnic population • Going forward, the ethnic minority population of England and Wales will, in general, have a younger population structure than the majority White British population. The notable exceptions to this are the White Irish, Indian, ’Other White’ and Black Caribbean ethnic groups. • Despite this... – there will be 2.4 million BMEs aged 50 and over by 2016 with 3.8 million by 2026 and 7.4 million by 2051 – there will be over 800 thousand BMEs aged 65 and over by 2016 with 1.3 million by 2026 and 3.8 million by 2051 – there will be over 500 thousand BMEs aged 70 and over by 2016 with over 800 thousand by 2026 and 2.8 million by 2051
- 25. 2011 Census Ethnicity Data (released 11th December 2012)
- 29. Population age structures in 2016
- 30. Population age structures in 2016
- 32. Population age structures in 2026
- 33. Population age structures in 2026
- 35. Population age structures in 2051
- 36. Population age structures in 2051
- 37. Implications for service provision *As indicated by a Revised Clinical Interview Schedule score of 12 or more Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC), National Centre for Social Research, 2002
- 38. Implications for service provision *Self assessed Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC), National Centre for Social Research, 2002
- 39. Dementia Alzheimer’s Society - UK Dementia rates: – 40-64 years: 1 in 1400 – 65-69 years: 1 in 100 – 70-79 years: 1 in 25 – 80+ years: 1 in 6
- 40. Note: The left axis starts at 30 million to visibly display the ethnic minority groups and therefore does not show the majority ‘White British’ group proportionately.
- 45. Culturally Competent Care Culturally competent care involves a knowledge and awareness of cultural diversity and the views and practices of the individual religions and cultures of residents so that care may be offered in an appropriate way. Training in cultural competence should be part of staff training.
- 46. Nat Lievesley email: nat@cpa.org.uk The full projection report is available at... http://www.cpa.org.uk/reportsandreviews
Editor's Notes
- #11: The total fertility rate for the whole population fell from a peak of 2.93 in 1964 to a low of 1.63 in 2001 before rising again to 1.97 in 2008. Women are having children later but the age gap between the second and third child is falling and birth rates for 35-39 and 40+ are rising
- #12: Ethnic minority birth rates are converging.
- #13: Ethnic minority groups settle disproportionately in different parts of the country and because overall life expectancy also varies by locality, best estimates of the contribution of each ethnic group to local life expectancies and from that the life expectancies of individual ethnic groups can be estimated. Rees and Wohland call this process the GWM or Geographically Weighted Method.
- #14: Life expectancy at any age will generally improve over time for both males and females
- #15: The Office for National Statistics has published tables of period life expectancies for the population of England and Wales for all ages from 0 to 95 and all years from 1981 to 2058. These are based on historical mortality rates from 1981 to 2008 and assumed calendar year mortality rates from the 2008-based principal projections. From these tables, life table values can be reverse engineered and five year survival rates calculated.
- #16: Migration patterns can be erratic and difficult to predict
- #18: In a period of restricted inward migration, net migration for each ethnic group may be made up of two components, an inflow which has a fixed maximum value and an outflow that is proportionate to the resident population. Where there is a net outflow, and a falling population, as in the case of the White Irish, the falling population cannot maintain the same absolute overall level of net outward migration and emigration will fall as the population size falls. These projections assume that migration remains at 2001–2007 levels until 2011 then falls by an average of 30%. It is the coalition government’s declared intention to reduce non-EU migration to the levels experienced in the 1990s.
- #47: Team effort from the Centre