NON AQUEOUS TITRATION.pptx
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Non-aqueous titrations are used for substances that are too weakly acidic or basic to titrate in water. The technique involves dissolving the substance and titrant in a non-aqueous solvent. There are four classes of non-aqueous solvents: protogenic solvents enhance basicity; protophillic solvents enhance acidity; amphiprotic solvents can act as acids or bases; and aprotic solvents are neutral. Common indicators used for non-aqueous titration include crystal violet, quinaldine red, and alpha-naphthal benzene. The substance being titrated can be categorized as behaving as an acid or base under the conditions, and an appropriate titrant
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Principles of Volumetric Analysis
The underlying principle of volumetric analysis is based on a chemical reaction of known stoichiometry between the titrant and the analyte. By knowing the volume of the titrant and its concentration, the amount of the analyte can be calculated using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation.
Key factors that contribute to the accuracy of volumetric analysis include:
Precise Measurement: Accurate measurement of volumes using calibrated apparatus like burettes, pipettes, and volumetric flasks.
Known Concentration: The titrant must have a precisely known concentration, often prepared as a standard solution.
Clear Endpoint: A detectable change, often indicated by a color change using an appropriate indicator, signals the completion of the reaction.
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Apparatus:
Burette: For dispensing the titrant accurately.
Pipette: For measuring and transferring a specific volume of the analyte solution.
Volumetric Flask: For preparing standard solutions.
Indicators: Substances that show a visible change (e.g., color change) at the endpoint.
Procedure:
A known volume of the analyte is measured using a pipette and transferred to a conical flask.
The titrant is added slowly from a burette to the analyte while mixing continuously.
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Introduction
The theory behind non-aqueous titrations, Bronsted lowry acid base theory, Reasons for non aqueous titration, Advantage, Disadvantage, Classification of nonaqueous titration
1.Acidimetry titration
2.Alkalimetry titration
Example of Acidimetry and Alkalimetry titrations
Standardization of acid titrant-- by Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
-Tri- (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane
-diphenyl guanidine
anhydrous sodium carbonat
Standardisation of basic titrant- by -Benzoic acid -Phenyl cinchonic acid
Types of solvent used- Amphiprotic solvent
Aprotic solvents
Protophillic solvents
Protogenic solvents
Effects of Solvents
Leveling effect
Differentiating effect
Indicators used in non-aqueous titration:
Crystal violet indicator
Methyl red indicator
Naphtholbenzein indicator
Quinaldine red, Thymol blue
Estimation of Sodium benzoate- Preparation of 0.1N solution of HClO4 and its standardization, Assay Procedure, indicator- add few drops of 5% w/v crystal violet in glacial acetic acid as indicator
Estimation of Ephedrine Hydrochloride by NAT
1. Give two example of any two nonaqueous indicator-2
2. Give assay procedure for quantitative analysis of Sodium benzoate. 5
3. Explain the various solvent used in non-aqueos titration. 5
4. Name the two drugs assayed by non aqueous titration. 2
5. Give various types of solvents used in non aqueous titration. 5
6. Mention the solvents used in non aqueous titration. 2
7. Write the exhaustive note on Sodium Benzoate. 5
8. List the type of solvent in non aqueous titration. 5
9. Name two drugs assayed by non aqueous titration. 2
10. Give various types of solvents used in non aqueous titrations. 5
11. What are non aqueous titrations? Explain non aqueous titration of ephedrine.
Give the example of solvents for non aqueous titration. 2
12. Discuss the principle methods involved in estimation of sodium benzoate ans ephedrine HCl
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Definition-Titration which are carried out in the absence of aqueous medium are called non aqueous titration.
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Definition-Titration which are carried out in the absence of aqueous medium are called non aqueous titration.
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Advantage and disadvantage
classification- Acidimetry, Alkalimetry
Example of Titrant, titrand, indicators and solvent used in Nonaqueous titration,
Most Common acidic titrant- Perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid
Most commonly used basic titrant- Methoxide of sod. or pot. Or lithium - tetra butylammonium hydroxide
Type of non aqueous solvents
Solvent play an important role in non aqueous titration because that solvent supports the disassociation of weak acids or base and alter the behavior of analyte. Non aqueous solvents majorly classified into 4 types
Amphiprotic solvent
Aprotic solvents
Protophillic solvents
Protogenic solvents
Effects of Solvents
Leveling effect
Differentiating effect
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Therefore, in glacial acetic acid- perchloric acid act as a strong acid as compare to HCl
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Commonly used solvents in Non-aqueous titration
Glacial acetic acid/ethanolic acid
Acetonitrile
Alcohals
Dioxane
Dimethyl formide (DMF)
Indicators used in non-aqueous titration:Indicators used in non-aqueous titration:
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The indicators used in non-aqueous titrations are as follows
For non-aqueous titration, the ionised and unionised form, or various resonant form of indicators are all generally applicable, however, the color change at the endpoint of reaction differ from titration to titration according to the nature of the titrant.
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4. Name the two drugs assayed by non aqueous titration. 2
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6. Mention the solvents used in non aqueous titration. 2
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8. List the type of solvent in non aqueous titration. 5
9. Name two drugs assayed by non aqueous titration. 2
10. Give various types of solvents used in non aqueous titrations. 5
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Definition-Titration which are carried out in the absence of aqueous medium are called non aqueous titration.
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Definition-Titration which are carried out in the absence of aqueous medium are called non aqueous titration.
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Reasons for non aqueous titration
Advantage and disadvantage
classification- Acidimetry, Alkalimetry
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Most Common acidic titrant- Perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid
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Aprotic solvents
Protophillic solvents
Protogenic solvents
Effects of Solvents
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Differentiating effect
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Therefore, in glacial acetic acid- perchloric acid act as a strong acid as compare to HCl
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Commonly used solvents in Non-aqueous titration
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In a non-aqueous titration, visual indicators are most appropriate for detecting the endpoint or equivalence point of the reaction.
The indicators used in non-aqueous titrations are as follows
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The document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which involve dissolving the analyte substance in a non-aqueous solvent rather than water. This is necessary when water could compete with or interfere with the reaction of weak acids and bases. The key advantages of non-aqueous titrations are that they can titrate very weak acids/bases and dissolve organic compounds. The document describes different types of non-aqueous solvents and how indicators and titrants are selected for particular analytes.Non aqueous titration
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Non-aqueous titration is used when the analyte is insoluble, reactive, or too weak to be titrated in water. The amphoteric nature of water can interfere with titration of weak acids or bases. Key aspects include:
- Using a non-aqueous solvent like acetic acid or DMF that is inert, acidic, or basic as needed.
- Titrants like perchloric acid or potassium methoxide that are appropriate for the analyte and solvent.
- Visual indicators that change color at the endpoint, selected based on the solvent system.
- Potentiometric titration can also detect the endpoint.
- Temperature, moisture and CO2 must beNon aqueous titration 04.06.2021
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This document provides an overview of non-aqueous titration as a technique used in pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses the need for non-aqueous titrations when analytes are not soluble or reactive in water. The principles and techniques of non-aqueous acid-base titration are explained, including the use of aprotic, protogenic, amphiprotic and protophilic solvents. Common titrants, indicators, and examples of pharmaceutical compounds analyzed by non-aqueous titration like sodium benzoate and ephedrine hydrochloride are outlined. The document also provides procedures for standardizing titrants and estimating drugs using this analytical method.non aqueous titrations of acid and base .pptx
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Non-aqueous titrations allow for the titration of substances that cannot be titrated in aqueous solutions, such as mixtures of acids/bases, organic acids/bases insoluble in water, and very weak acids/bases. Solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, and DMF. Indicators change color in acidic and basic conditions. Common titrations include primary/secondary/tertiary amines with perchloric acid and acids with sodium/potassium methoxide. Proper preparation of titrants and indicators, choice of solvent, and accounting for temperature effects are important for accurate non-aqueous titrations.Indicator
Indicatorifrah fahim
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This document defines and describes various types of indicators used to determine the acidity, alkalinity or redox state of a solution. It discusses natural indicators like turmeric and litmus, as well as artificial pH indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein. It also covers complexometric, adsorption and universal indicators, and provides examples of how different indicators are used to test solutions and determine the endpoint in titration reactions.Non aqueous titration
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Non-aqueous titrations allow for the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents. This provides sharper endpoints compared to aqueous titrations. Common non-aqueous solvents include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, and dimethylformamide. Indicators are also used that change color at the titration endpoint. Examples given are the titration of ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate using perchloric acid in acetic acid with crystal violet indicator.Non aqueous titration Exp 8, 9 final.docx
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Non-aqueous titration involves dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent instead of water. This is necessary when water could compete with the analyte as a weak acid or base, making the endpoint difficult to detect. Non-aqueous solvents are also used when the analyte or products are insoluble in water or react with water. Common non-aqueous solvents include aprotic solvents like benzene which do not favor ionization, and protophilic solvents like alcohols which accept protons. Amphiprotic solvents like acetic acid can both donate and accept protons. Non-aqueous titration allows for the accurate titration of very weak acids and bases andNon Aqueous Acid Base Titration
Non Aqueous Acid Base TitrationZahir Khan
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This presentation summarizes non-aqueous acid-base titration. It introduces the presenter, MD. Zahirul Isalam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. The presentation defines non-aqueous titration as titrating weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to get a sharp endpoint. It discusses the different types of non-aqueous solvents including aprotic, protophilic, protogenic, and amphiprotic solvents. The presentation also covers determining the endpoint through potentiometric or indicator methods and describes examples of titrating weak bases and acids through non-aqueous methods.Non aqueous titration, nonaqueous indicator,analysis of Sodium benzoate, non ...
Non aqueous titration, nonaqueous indicator,analysis of Sodium benzoate, non ...Vandana Devesh Sharma
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- 1. 1 Mrs. Prajakta B. Kothawade Assistant Professor, PES Modern College of Pharmacy, for ladies, Moshi, Pune
- 2. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION The non-aqueous titrations has replaced the aqueous titrations for many substances which are either too weakly acidic or too weakly basic. The principle and technique of this method is simple. It is based on the Bronsted-Lowrey and Lewis theory of acids and bases and, the nature and influence of levelling effect of non- aqueous solvents on substances. 2
- 3. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION The chemical reaction of acid HA with base B in aqueous solution is represented as HA------ H+ +A B + H2O ------- BH+ + OH 3
- 4. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION The non-aqueous solvents which are useful in analytical work can be classified into four classes: 1. Protogenic Solvents: These are acidic solvents and they enhance the basicity, of weak bases e. g. H2SO4,Formic acid. 2. Protophillic Solvents: These solvents are basic in nature and they enhance acidity of weak acids e. g. pyridine, n-butylamine, 4
- 5. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION 3. Amphiprotic Solvents: This category of solvents behave as acid or base depending upon the substance dissolved in it. They accept or donate protons and have levelling effect on the intrinsic strength of drugs. Glacial acetic acid dioxane. 4. Aprotic Solvents : solvents like benzene, carbon tretrachloride etc. are neutral in nature. These solvents do not accept or donate- protons. These are useful in dissolving- substances thus act as solvent and are useful for diluting solutions. 5
- 6. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION LEVELLING EFFECT Levelling Solvents: In general, strongly protophilic solvents are important toforce equilibrium equation to the right. CH3COOH + HClO4 CH3COOH2+ + ClO4 This effect is so powerful that, in strongly protophillic solvents,all acids act as of similar strength. HB B- + H+ The converse occurs with strongly protogenic solvents, whichcause all bases to act as they were of similar strength. Solvents, which act in this way, are known as LevellingSolvents. If the solvent is to be used for a differentiating titration it should be neither strongly acidic nor strongly basic to avoid "LEVELING" effects. 6
- 7. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION The non-aqueous titrations can be categorized mainly in two classes (a) Substances which behave as base under the condition of titrations. (b) Substances which behave as acid under the conditions of titrations.. 7
- 8. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION Thus substances which have both acidic and basic functional group like amino acid can be titrated as acid or base under appropriate conditions of titration. For determination of basic substances a solution of perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid in most commonly used as titrant. For determination of acidic substances a solution of tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide in four volume of anhydrous toluene and one volume of anhydrous methanol is most commonly used as titrant. 8
- 9. NON AQUEOUS TITRATION Number of Indicator solutions have tried for detection of end point. Following indicator solutions have been found satisfactory. 1. Crystal violet 0.5 percent in glacial acetic acid. Color change is from violet to' blue green. 2. Quinaldine red - 0.1 percent in methanol. Color changes from pink to' colorless. 3. alpha-naphthal benzene- 0.2 per cent in glacial acetic acid Color changes from blue green to orange. 4. Oracet Blue B - 0.5 per cent in glacial acetic acid. Color changes from blue to' purple. 9
- 10. References Vogels Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6/Ed., Pearson Education, page no:41-50 and 363-383. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Part-I by Beckett A H & Stanlake J B, 4/Ed., CBS Publisher & Distributors, page no:137-157 and 165. Pharmaceutical Analysis Vol. I & K. R. Mahadik, S.G. Wadodkar, H. N, I. More, Nirali Prakashan page no: 52-84. 10