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Now is the time to create your own (m)Ruby computer

What’s your childhood dream ?

FAMILY BASIC
My longing programing hardware using BASIC on Family Computer(NES)

CREATING VIDEO GAME
HARDWARE??

You can make
your own computer
with mruby!

WHO AM I?
Katsuhiko Kageyama
“kishima” @ twitter/github
? Embedded software engineer in a manufacturing
company
? Making mruby devices
? Personally, producing technical books about
mruby and original devices in TechBookFest,
Comic Market and Maker Faire(2020 Tsukuba).

Agenda
?How to create your computer
?Why mruby?
?Important technical things about mruby

GOAL OF MY DEVELOPMENT
?Creating my small
computer to run Ruby
scripts like “Family BASIC”
?I call it “Family mruby”

How to create your computer
DEFINE
REQUIREMENTS
FIND
COMPONENTS
MAKE A
SCHEMATICS
MANUFACTURING
THE DEVICE
IMPLEMENT
SOFTWARE

Define requirements
Find components
Make a schematics
Manufacturing the device
Implement software
Each steps are no so difficult for software
engineers
According to your idea
Find components which satisfy your requirements.
DigiKey is a good worldwide supplier
Digital signal schematics could be simple
We can use KiCAD
Chinese company offers 5$ / 5 boards
You need to implement basic software

Write application using Ruby!
?I love Ruby
?No one likes to wait for compiling C and flashing img
?Shorter code is nice for the small device

Why mruby?
?mruby can run on some small processors with
limited memory (>400KB RAM preferred)
?Simple implementation of mruby VM helps to port
it to your own hardware

FINDING THE CORE PROCESSOR
Board MCU ROM size RAM size
Arduino ATmega328p 32KB 2KB
ProMicro ATmega32U4 32KB 2.5KB
ESP32 dev board ESP32-WROOM-32 4MB 520KB
ESP32 dev board ESP32-WROVER-B 4MB 8MB
Raspberry Pi zero ARM1176JZF-S >1GB
(external)
512MB
(external)
＊mruby requires >400kB memory

Requirements Schematics
Manufacturing

Implement basic software
?Small processor doesn’t support rich OS like Linux.
?C, C++ are common language
?Difficult to avoid C/C++ because low layer are
provided by C/C++ usually

My idea : System diagram
Dev host
ESP-IDF
my device
ESP32Arduino core
FabGL
mrbgem fro esp32
mruby compiler/VM
mruby user App
System
App
(C++)
family_mruby
Micro SD
xtensa tool chain
Serial communication
PS/2 key board
ESP32-WROVER-B
Updating software
Active speaker
VGA monitor

My hardware
?Small
manufacturing was
done by Chinese
company
?Case was made by
my 3D-printer

DIFFICULTY OF IMPLEMENTATION
?Limited memory
?Always need to take care of remaining memory
? Avoid creating so many Ruby objects
?Low performance
?Use HW function(Interruption, DMA etc.) as much as possible

INTERRUPTION
? Hardware interruption is good for receiving
HW event
CPU
Button
Electrical signal
Function A
(running)
Function B
(Interruption handler)
Interruption signal will change the program counter to
an interruption hander

MRUBY CANNOT HANDLE HW INTERRUPTION
? Cannot not touch mruby VM’s resource from the interruption handler
? The handler has higher priority
? Common solution is a polling method
loop do
if Input::available
if Input::keydown?(Key::K_UP)
my=-2
end
if Input::keydown?(Key::K_DOWN)
my=2
end
end
sp.move(mx*1,my*1)
end
Checking inputs in
a loop
? This is not the best in the limited CPU
performance condition

SOFTWARE-LAYER INTERRUPTION
? Compromised solution for handling interruption
? Similar idea is applied in eLua and MicroPython
https://github.com/kishima/mruby-interrupt
CPU
Button
Electrical signal
Function A
(running)
Function B
(Interruption handler)
mruby VM
mruby VM do polling
events
Storing int. event in the
handler
Example:

Implementation
(experimental)
* vm.c *
#ifndef MRB_SW_INTERRUPT
#define CASE(insn,ops) L_ ## insn: pc0=p
c++; FETCH_ ## ops (); L_ ## insn ## _BO
DY:
#else
#define CASE(insn,ops) L_ ## insn: pc0=p
c++; exec_interrupt(mrb); FETCH_ ## ops
(); L_ ## insn ## _BODY:
#endif
* vm.c *
#ifdef MRB_SW_INTERRUPT
static void exec_interrupt(mrb_state *mrb){
if(!mrb->interrupt_func)
return;
while( !(mrb->interrupt_flag & 0x8000) && mrb-
>interrupt_flag & 0x7FFF){
for(int i=0;i<16;i++){
int bit = (mrb-
>interrupt_flag >> i) & 0x0001;
if(bit){
mrb->user_mutex_func(mrb,1);
uint16_t backup = mrb->interrupt_flag;
mrb-
>interrupt_flag |= 0x8000; //Interrupt flag
mrb->interrupt_func(mrb,i);
mrb->interrupt_flag = backup;
mrb->interrupt_flag &= ~(1 << i);
mrb->user_mutex_func(mrb,0);
}
}
}
}
#endif
exec_interrupt() will be executed
when VM fetchs each mruby byte
code.

SUMMARY
?We can create our own device
?I have created Family mruby
?Software interruption is a good
tool for making devices
?Enjoy your maker life
https://kishima.github.io/family_mruby/

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