Ocean floor
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Sonar is a method for determining the depth of the ocean using sound waves. It works by emitting pulses from a device on the ocean's surface that bounce off the ocean floor and return to the ship. By measuring how long it takes for the echo to return, scientists can calculate the depth of the water. Sonar has allowed for highly accurate mapping of the ocean floor and discovery of very deep ocean trenches over 10,000 meters and undersea mountains taller than Mount Everest.
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The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel, is at a depth where the sound waves bend towards a region of minimum sound velocity due to refraction. ThisÌý
channeling
Ìýof sound occurs because of the properties of sound and the temperature, and pressure differences at different depths in the ocean. There are many places where the sound waves can travel many thousands of meters without the signal losing significant energy. Keep in mind that the depth of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel varies with latitude. It is deepest in the subtropics and comes to the surface in high latitudes, where the sound propagates in the surface layer.
Humans have taken advantage of this layer in many ways. One such use was the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project. TheÌý
U.S.
ÌýNavy has an array of hydrophones, which were used in the past for deep ocean surveillance during the cold war, but have since been used for seismic monitoring, marine mammal monitoring, and for theÌý
ATOC
Ìýproject. In addition, beforeÌý
GPS
, theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel was used for locating ships and aircraft in distress as well as for tracking floats for the study of ocean currents. The use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel is not without controversy.
Respond to the following:
Research the use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel for military, research, and biological activities.
Discuss why the use ofÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel could be harmful to marine life. Be specific in your examples.
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Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09davedelg1
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New technologies in the 1940s-1950s like sonar found that rocks on the ocean floor were younger than continental rocks. Studies in the 1950s discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the 1960s Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading, suggesting the seafloor moves and continents may also. Research in the 1960s-1970s, including sampling with the Glomar Challenger, found that rock ages increased farther from rift zones, and that lava rock magnetic records matched timescales for continental rocks, providing support for sea floor spreading and continental drift.Ch 7-2 pp.ppt
Ch 7-2 pp.pptyuridanggo
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1) Scientists discovered an underwater system of ridges and valleys on the ocean floor similar to those on continents using sound waves to map the seafloor. 2) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain movement of the ocean floor. He suggested hot material rises at mid-ocean ridges, spreads the seafloor apart as new material is created. 3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes samples showing the youngest rocks are at ridges, with older rocks farther away, and magnetic patterns in rocks aligning in strips parallel to ridges from magnetic field reversals.P. sai srikar ppt on sonar applications
P. sai srikar ppt on sonar applications9948879993
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Sonar uses sound waves to detect objects underwater. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return from objects. The speed of sound in water is known, so the distance to the object can be calculated. Sonar has applications like finding depth, locating ships and submarines, and ocean surveillance. It is also used by navies but can negatively impact marine animals that use sound for navigation.
bathymetry introduction (Philippine fishing grounds).pptx
bathymetry introduction (Philippine fishing grounds).pptxEx Jay Moran
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Bathymetry is an essential tool for understanding the ocean floor and its vital role in shaping marine ecosystems. In the Philippines, its intricate bathymetry contributes to the richness of its fishing grounds, but it also highlights the need for sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term health of these valuable resources. By investing in research, technology, and responsible fishing practices, the Philippines can safeguard its marine environment and sustain its vibrant fishing industry for generations to come.Oceanography instruments used in fishing Activities
Oceanography instruments used in fishing ActivitiesDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
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Nansen’s bottle, Peterson’s grab, Dredges, Fish finding devices/methods, Remote sensing are the common instruments implied in fishing in India. Sidescan sonar (nio)
Sidescan sonar (nio)Sabna Thilakan
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Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.Sound 2
Sound 2Swetha Ravichandran
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This document discusses various topics related to sound, including reflection of sound, reverberation, range of hearing, ultrasound, sonar, working of the ear, and applications of ultrasound like echocardiography. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms. For example, it defines an echo as the same sound heard again later after reflecting off an object, and defines reverberation as the persistence of sound in an enclosed space due to repeated reflections. It also discusses how sonar works using ultrasound to detect underwater objects, and how different parts of the ear detect and transmit sound waves.seafloorspreading-200430053459.pdf
seafloorspreading-200430053459.pdfyuridanggo
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The document discusses seafloor spreading and ocean basin topography. It describes how molten rock rises up at mid-ocean ridges due to mantle convection, creating new seafloor that spreads outwards. As seafloor spreads, it pushes the continents apart. The topography of ocean basins is formed, including mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, seamounts, trenches, and more. Paleomagnetic data provides evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading.Sea floor spreading2
Sea floor spreading2Cindy Claire Sevilla
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Sea-floor spreading is the process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor. Molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges and erupts, pushing the oceanic plates apart as it cools and forms new crust. Evidence for sea-floor spreading includes pillow basalts and magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean crust that record reversals in Earth's magnetic field. Drilling samples also show that rocks get progressively older farther from mid-ocean ridges. Subduction is the process where oceanic plates plunge back into the mantle at deep-sea trenches, allowing the ocean floor to continuously renew itself over hundreds of millions of years.Seafloor Spreading
Seafloor SpreadingSimple ABbieC
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Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreadingPresentation of Introduction to basics of SONAR.pptx
Presentation of Introduction to basics of SONAR.pptxasadmohammedjmu
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Introduction to the basis of owner with advantages and disadvantagesAcoustic imaging of the sea floor
Acoustic imaging of the sea floorRico Chirana
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During World War II, the U.S. Navy began mapping the topography of the sea floor using sonar aboard ships. This led to the discovery of undersea volcanoes. Early techniques provided crude images with low resolution, but modern acoustic imaging produces high-resolution 3D stereo images. An example is shown of a submarine canyon off the U.S. east coast, imaged using side-scan sonar to reveal intricate seafloor topography in detail.Studying the sea floor
Studying the sea floorVia Martinez Abayon
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A rock dredge is dragged along the seafloor behind a research ship to collect sediment and rock samples directly from the ocean floor. Sonar emits a sound signal from a ship and records the signal after it bounces off the seafloor and underlying layers, providing a picture of the seafloor structure and topography. Magnetic stripes on the seafloor rapidly led to the development of the sea floor spreading hypothesis and theory of plate tectonics. Remote sensing techniques are discussed to better understand the seafloor and search for treasure.Oceanography instruments used in fishing Activities
Oceanography instruments used in fishing ActivitiesDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
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- 2. Sonar Part 1
- 3. Sonar Sonar- Stands for so und na vigation and r anging Sonar was first developed by British naval scientists in 1921. Later it was used in times of warfare. More commonly sonar is used to measure the distance from the ocean’s surface to the bottom. Sonar has also been used on land. Pulses sent through soil can identify different layers of soil and rock as well as locate natural gas and oil!
- 4. How does it work? A sonar device emits sound waves into the ocean from the surface. When the impulses strike the bottom they return to the ship carrying the sonar device in the form of an echo. It then computes the depth of the ocean at that point. The longer it takes for the echo to return the deeper the ocean floor is!
- 5. Do the Math! Scientists know that sound waves travel through the water at 1,530m/s. If it takes an impulse 6.60s to travel from the ship to the ocean floor and back again, how deep is that part of the ocean?
- 6. Answer 1,530 m/s X6.60 s 10,098 m 10,098 m 2 = 5,049 m
- 7. Mapping Sonar has allowed scientists to accurately map the ocean floor. As a result many interesting discoveries have been made. Including abysses 10,600 m deep (6.3 miles), and mountains higher than Mt Everest the tallest mountain on land at 8,848m (29,198 ft).