Ocean floor
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Sonar is a method for determining the depth of the ocean using sound waves. It works by emitting pulses from a device on the ocean's surface that bounce off the ocean floor and return to the ship. By measuring how long it takes for the echo to return, scientists can calculate the depth of the water. Sonar has allowed for highly accurate mapping of the ocean floor, revealing abysses over 10,000 meters deep and seamounts taller than Mount Everest.
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Definitions
DefinitionsDylpickl23
Ìý
Sonar uses acoustic waves to detect and locate underwater objects by reflecting sound waves or intercepting sound waves from sources underwater, on the surface, or above water. Whales and dolphins use sonar to communicate. S.C.U.B.A. stands for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus and uses a portable supply of compressed gas for breathing while swimming underwater.J+dscience
J+dscienceDylpickl23
Ìý
Sonar uses acoustic waves to detect and locate underwater objects by reflecting sound waves or intercepting sound waves from sources underwater, on the surface, or above water. Whales and dolphins use sonar to communicate. S.C.U.B.A. stands for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus and uses a portable supply of compressed gas for breathing while swimming underwater.Definitions
DefinitionsDylpickl23
Ìý
Sonar uses acoustic waves to detect and locate underwater objects by reflecting sound waves or intercepting sound waves from sources underwater, on the surface, or above water. Whales and dolphins use sonar to communicate. S.C.U.B.A. stands for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus and uses a portable supply of compressed gas for breathing while swimming underwater.Mapping Earth & Space sciences 2011 acloutier copyright
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This document provides an overview of mapping Earth and space. It discusses how early cartographers only knew small parts of the world around Europe and the Middle East. It describes the development of tools like the compass and prime meridian that helped establish global coordinates of latitude and longitude. It also summarizes different map projections and types as well as technologies like GPS and remote sensing satellites that have advanced our ability to map and study Earth and space.Sampling The Benthos
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This is a lecture given graduate students at various universities in India and abroad. so this will be useful to students and academicians all over the worldSeismic data processing 16, migration&land seismic survey
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This document discusses seismic data processing techniques, specifically 3D Kirchhoff migration and land surveys. It explains that 3D migration is preferred over 2D because the earth's properties change in three dimensions and 2D can result in misleading reflections. The document also describes various seismic source types used in land surveys, including dynamite, air shooting, land air guns, vibrators, sozies, weight drops and hammers. It provides details on each source type, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. Velocity information is needed for 3D migration but obtaining spatially varying 3D velocity data is challenging.Seismic survey
Seismic surveyMuhammed Essayed
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is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
treesOceans
Oceanssomethinglikethat
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The document discusses different aspects of oceanography and ocean floor topography. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The ocean floor is divided into three primary provinces - continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves are shallow areas near land where sediment accumulates. Slopes are steep transitions to deeper waters, and rises are flat sediment piles at the base of slopes.
3) Bathymetry uses sound waves to map ocean floor topography in high resolution, revealing features like submarine canyons cutting into continental slopes.Sonar
SonarRuary1
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SONAR uses sound waves to detect obstacles in water. It was invented in 1906 and is used by navies and whales. Active SONAR sends out sound waves and detects echoes to accurately map locations, but reveals the user's position. Passive SONAR listens for other sound waves without emitting any, making it better for stealth but less accurate unless combined with triangulation. While effective for mapping underwater, high-powered naval SONAR can damage cetaceans' hearing and cause hemorrhaging.coastal studies
coastal studiesMsGeo
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The document discusses coasts and how they change shape. It defines a coast as the area between land and sea. Coasts can be divided into three sections: the offshore, foreshore, and backshore zones. The main agents that cause coastal change are waves, winds, and sea currents. Of these three, winds are most important because they generate waves and sea currents, which shape the coastline over time through erosion and deposition.Tsunami
TsunamiMoses Lutta
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A tsunami is generated by a sudden rise or fall of the earth's crust under or near the ocean, most commonly caused by earthquakes. As the tsunami wave enters shallow coastal waters, its speed decreases and height increases, posing a threat to coastal areas. Countries like Japan have implemented extensive tsunami warning systems using deep ocean sensors and satellites to detect tsunamis early and issue warnings to allow for evacuation. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was triggered by a massive undersea earthquake and resulted in waves that took different arrival times to hit various coastlines, demonstrating the long distances tsunamis can travel.Oceans
Oceanswafa786
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Scientists have recently discovered through special equipment and submarines that there is intense darkness under the oceans below depths of around 200 meters. The Quran mentioned this phenomenon 1400 years ago, describing the darkness under the oceans and that if one stretches out their hand they cannot see it. Modern scientific discoveries have confirmed the total darkness found below depths of around 1000 meters in oceans.Introduce the zones
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The document summarizes the three zones of the ocean - the sunlight zone, twilight zone, and midnight zone. The sunlight zone is the top layer down to 600 feet where 90% of marine life lives and photosynthesis can occur. The twilight zone is between 600-3,000 feet where little light penetrates and organisms have adapted to low-light conditions. The midnight zone is the deepest layer beyond 3,000 feet, encompassing 90% of the ocean where no light reaches and organisms rely on bacteria near hydrothermal vents for energy.Earth presentation
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The document describes key features of Earth. It discusses Earth's distance from the Sun, its orbit and rotation. It then covers Earth's structure like its spheroid shape and density. The document also summarizes the major layers of Earth's atmosphere and their properties. Finally, it briefly outlines Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.Explosive and non explosive energy sources in marine acquisition ( overview )
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sonarjhcid
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This document provides an overview of sonar technology. It discusses the history of sonar from its early developments in the late 19th/early 20th century to its modern applications. Key developments include Fessenden's early experiments in 1914, the creation of ASDIC by the British during WWI, and the transfer of technology between Britain and the US during WWII. The document also examines how sonar works using sound waves, and describes different sonar systems like active/passive sonar and side-scan/multi-beam sonar used for tasks like submarine detection, fishing, and seafloor mapping.Sofar channel
Sofar channelrebelbrindley
Ìý
Scientists Ewing and Worzel conducted an experiment in 1944 where explosive charges were detonated at varying distances from a research vessel to test the theory that low-frequency sound could travel long distances underwater. Their experiment was successful and discovered the SOFAR channel, where sound waves are ducted horizontally in the ocean. This discovery led the US Navy to develop the SOSUS system during the Cold War to detect Soviet submarines over long ranges using hydrophone arrays. The SOFAR channel allows for underwater sound communication over hundreds of miles and has applications in navigation, climate monitoring, and wildlife observation.The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌýSOFARÌých.docx
The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌýSOFARÌých.docxsuzannewarch
Ìý
The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel, is at a depth where the sound waves bend towards a region of minimum sound velocity due to refraction. ThisÌý
channeling
Ìýof sound occurs because of the properties of sound and the temperature, and pressure differences at different depths in the ocean. There are many places where the sound waves can travel many thousands of meters without the signal losing significant energy. Keep in mind that the depth of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel varies with latitude. It is deepest in the subtropics and comes to the surface in high latitudes, where the sound propagates in the surface layer.
Humans have taken advantage of this layer in many ways. One such use was the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project. TheÌý
U.S.
ÌýNavy has an array of hydrophones, which were used in the past for deep ocean surveillance during the cold war, but have since been used for seismic monitoring, marine mammal monitoring, and for theÌý
ATOC
Ìýproject. In addition, beforeÌý
GPS
, theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel was used for locating ships and aircraft in distress as well as for tracking floats for the study of ocean currents. The use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel is not without controversy.
Respond to the following:
Research the use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel for military, research, and biological activities.
Discuss why the use ofÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel could be harmful to marine life. Be specific in your examples.
.Sonar
SonarPPThelperkid
Ìý
SONAR is used to determine ocean depth and locate underwater objects. There are two main types of SONAR - active and passive. Active SONAR emits sound pulses and measures their reflection to determine distance and direction. Passive SONAR listens without transmitting. SONAR is used to detect submarines, map underwater features, calculate depth, and locate sunken ships and fish. To determine ocean depth using SONAR, high frequency sound vibrations called ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted into the water. The time for the vibrations to return is used to calculate the distance of the reflecting surface below.SONAR ppt 
SONAR ppt Ks Maheta
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Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09
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New technologies in the 1940s-1950s like sonar found that rocks on the ocean floor were younger than continental rocks. Studies in the 1950s discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the 1960s Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading, suggesting the seafloor moves and continents may also. Research in the 1960s-1970s, including sampling with the Glomar Challenger, found that rock ages increased farther from rift zones, and that lava rock magnetic records matched timescales for continental rocks, providing support for sea floor spreading and continental drift.Ch 7-2 pp.ppt
Ch 7-2 pp.pptyuridanggo
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1) Scientists discovered an underwater system of ridges and valleys on the ocean floor similar to those on continents using sound waves to map the seafloor. 2) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain movement of the ocean floor. He suggested hot material rises at mid-ocean ridges, spreads the seafloor apart as new material is created. 3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes samples showing the youngest rocks are at ridges, with older rocks farther away, and magnetic patterns in rocks aligning in strips parallel to ridges from magnetic field reversals.P. sai srikar ppt on sonar applications
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Sonar uses sound waves to detect objects underwater. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return from objects. The speed of sound in water is known, so the distance to the object can be calculated. Sonar has applications like finding depth, locating ships and submarines, and ocean surveillance. It is also used by navies but can negatively impact marine animals that use sound for navigation.
bathymetry introduction (Philippine fishing grounds).pptx
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Bathymetry is an essential tool for understanding the ocean floor and its vital role in shaping marine ecosystems. In the Philippines, its intricate bathymetry contributes to the richness of its fishing grounds, but it also highlights the need for sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term health of these valuable resources. By investing in research, technology, and responsible fishing practices, the Philippines can safeguard its marine environment and sustain its vibrant fishing industry for generations to come.Oceanography instruments used in fishing Activities
Oceanography instruments used in fishing ActivitiesDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Ìý
Nansen’s bottle, Peterson’s grab, Dredges, Fish finding devices/methods, Remote sensing are the common instruments implied in fishing in India. Sidescan sonar (nio)
Sidescan sonar (nio)Sabna Thilakan
Ìý
Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.More Related Content
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The document discusses different aspects of oceanography and ocean floor topography. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The ocean floor is divided into three primary provinces - continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves are shallow areas near land where sediment accumulates. Slopes are steep transitions to deeper waters, and rises are flat sediment piles at the base of slopes.
3) Bathymetry uses sound waves to map ocean floor topography in high resolution, revealing features like submarine canyons cutting into continental slopes.Sonar
SonarRuary1
Ìý
SONAR uses sound waves to detect obstacles in water. It was invented in 1906 and is used by navies and whales. Active SONAR sends out sound waves and detects echoes to accurately map locations, but reveals the user's position. Passive SONAR listens for other sound waves without emitting any, making it better for stealth but less accurate unless combined with triangulation. While effective for mapping underwater, high-powered naval SONAR can damage cetaceans' hearing and cause hemorrhaging.coastal studies
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Ìý
The document discusses coasts and how they change shape. It defines a coast as the area between land and sea. Coasts can be divided into three sections: the offshore, foreshore, and backshore zones. The main agents that cause coastal change are waves, winds, and sea currents. Of these three, winds are most important because they generate waves and sea currents, which shape the coastline over time through erosion and deposition.Tsunami
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Ìý
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Ìý
Scientists have recently discovered through special equipment and submarines that there is intense darkness under the oceans below depths of around 200 meters. The Quran mentioned this phenomenon 1400 years ago, describing the darkness under the oceans and that if one stretches out their hand they cannot see it. Modern scientific discoveries have confirmed the total darkness found below depths of around 1000 meters in oceans.Introduce the zones
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The document describes key features of Earth. It discusses Earth's distance from the Sun, its orbit and rotation. It then covers Earth's structure like its spheroid shape and density. The document also summarizes the major layers of Earth's atmosphere and their properties. Finally, it briefly outlines Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.Explosive and non explosive energy sources in marine acquisition ( overview )
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This document provides an overview of sonar technology. It discusses the history of sonar from its early developments in the late 19th/early 20th century to its modern applications. Key developments include Fessenden's early experiments in 1914, the creation of ASDIC by the British during WWI, and the transfer of technology between Britain and the US during WWII. The document also examines how sonar works using sound waves, and describes different sonar systems like active/passive sonar and side-scan/multi-beam sonar used for tasks like submarine detection, fishing, and seafloor mapping.Sofar channel
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Ìý
Scientists Ewing and Worzel conducted an experiment in 1944 where explosive charges were detonated at varying distances from a research vessel to test the theory that low-frequency sound could travel long distances underwater. Their experiment was successful and discovered the SOFAR channel, where sound waves are ducted horizontally in the ocean. This discovery led the US Navy to develop the SOSUS system during the Cold War to detect Soviet submarines over long ranges using hydrophone arrays. The SOFAR channel allows for underwater sound communication over hundreds of miles and has applications in navigation, climate monitoring, and wildlife observation.The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌýSOFARÌých.docx
The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌýSOFARÌých.docxsuzannewarch
Ìý
The sound fixing and ranging layer in the ocean, or theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel, is at a depth where the sound waves bend towards a region of minimum sound velocity due to refraction. ThisÌý
channeling
Ìýof sound occurs because of the properties of sound and the temperature, and pressure differences at different depths in the ocean. There are many places where the sound waves can travel many thousands of meters without the signal losing significant energy. Keep in mind that the depth of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel varies with latitude. It is deepest in the subtropics and comes to the surface in high latitudes, where the sound propagates in the surface layer.
Humans have taken advantage of this layer in many ways. One such use was the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project. TheÌý
U.S.
ÌýNavy has an array of hydrophones, which were used in the past for deep ocean surveillance during the cold war, but have since been used for seismic monitoring, marine mammal monitoring, and for theÌý
ATOC
Ìýproject. In addition, beforeÌý
GPS
, theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel was used for locating ships and aircraft in distress as well as for tracking floats for the study of ocean currents. The use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel is not without controversy.
Respond to the following:
Research the use of theÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel for military, research, and biological activities.
Discuss why the use ofÌý
SOFAR
Ìýchannel could be harmful to marine life. Be specific in your examples.
.Sonar
SonarPPThelperkid
Ìý
SONAR is used to determine ocean depth and locate underwater objects. There are two main types of SONAR - active and passive. Active SONAR emits sound pulses and measures their reflection to determine distance and direction. Passive SONAR listens without transmitting. SONAR is used to detect submarines, map underwater features, calculate depth, and locate sunken ships and fish. To determine ocean depth using SONAR, high frequency sound vibrations called ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted into the water. The time for the vibrations to return is used to calculate the distance of the reflecting surface below.SONAR ppt
SONAR ppt Ks Maheta
Ìý
Bats use sonar to locate prey by emitting sound pulses and listening for echoes. There are two main types of sonar: active sonar emits sound pulses and listens for reflections to determine distance and direction, while passive sonar only listens without transmitting. Applications of sonar include detecting submarines, mapping underwater features, and calculating depth. To determine ocean depth using sonar, an apparatus emits ultrasonic vibrations into the water and calculates the distance based on the time it takes for the echoes to return.Sonar.pptx
Sonar.pptxUrvi Patel
Ìý
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09davedelg1
Ìý
New technologies in the 1940s-1950s like sonar found that rocks on the ocean floor were younger than continental rocks. Studies in the 1950s discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the 1960s Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading, suggesting the seafloor moves and continents may also. Research in the 1960s-1970s, including sampling with the Glomar Challenger, found that rock ages increased farther from rift zones, and that lava rock magnetic records matched timescales for continental rocks, providing support for sea floor spreading and continental drift.Ch 7-2 pp.ppt
Ch 7-2 pp.pptyuridanggo
Ìý
1) Scientists discovered an underwater system of ridges and valleys on the ocean floor similar to those on continents using sound waves to map the seafloor. 2) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain movement of the ocean floor. He suggested hot material rises at mid-ocean ridges, spreads the seafloor apart as new material is created. 3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes samples showing the youngest rocks are at ridges, with older rocks farther away, and magnetic patterns in rocks aligning in strips parallel to ridges from magnetic field reversals.P. sai srikar ppt on sonar applications
P. sai srikar ppt on sonar applications9948879993
Ìý
Sonar uses sound waves to detect objects underwater. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return from objects. The speed of sound in water is known, so the distance to the object can be calculated. Sonar has applications like finding depth, locating ships and submarines, and ocean surveillance. It is also used by navies but can negatively impact marine animals that use sound for navigation.bathymetry introduction (Philippine fishing grounds).pptx
bathymetry introduction (Philippine fishing grounds).pptxEx Jay Moran
Ìý
Bathymetry is an essential tool for understanding the ocean floor and its vital role in shaping marine ecosystems. In the Philippines, its intricate bathymetry contributes to the richness of its fishing grounds, but it also highlights the need for sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term health of these valuable resources. By investing in research, technology, and responsible fishing practices, the Philippines can safeguard its marine environment and sustain its vibrant fishing industry for generations to come.Oceanography instruments used in fishing Activities
Oceanography instruments used in fishing ActivitiesDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Ìý
Nansen’s bottle, Peterson’s grab, Dredges, Fish finding devices/methods, Remote sensing are the common instruments implied in fishing in India. Sidescan sonar (nio)
Sidescan sonar (nio)Sabna Thilakan
Ìý
Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.Sound 2
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seafloorspreading-200430053459.pdfyuridanggo
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The document discusses seafloor spreading and ocean basin topography. It describes how molten rock rises up at mid-ocean ridges due to mantle convection, creating new seafloor that spreads outwards. As seafloor spreads, it pushes the continents apart. The topography of ocean basins is formed, including mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, seamounts, trenches, and more. Paleomagnetic data provides evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading.Sea floor spreading2
Sea floor spreading2Cindy Claire Sevilla
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Sea-floor spreading is the process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor. Molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges and erupts, pushing the oceanic plates apart as it cools and forms new crust. Evidence for sea-floor spreading includes pillow basalts and magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean crust that record reversals in Earth's magnetic field. Drilling samples also show that rocks get progressively older farther from mid-ocean ridges. Subduction is the process where oceanic plates plunge back into the mantle at deep-sea trenches, allowing the ocean floor to continuously renew itself over hundreds of millions of years.Seafloor Spreading
Seafloor SpreadingSimple ABbieC
Ìý
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreadingPresentation of Introduction to basics of SONAR.pptx
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Introduction to the basis of owner with advantages and disadvantagesAcoustic imaging of the sea floor
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Ìý
During World War II, the U.S. Navy began mapping the topography of the sea floor using sonar aboard ships. This led to the discovery of undersea volcanoes. Early techniques provided crude images with low resolution, but modern acoustic imaging produces high-resolution 3D stereo images. An example is shown of a submarine canyon off the U.S. east coast, imaged using side-scan sonar to reveal intricate seafloor topography in detail.Studying the sea floor
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A rock dredge is dragged along the seafloor behind a research ship to collect sediment and rock samples directly from the ocean floor. Sonar emits a sound signal from a ship and records the signal after it bounces off the seafloor and underlying layers, providing a picture of the seafloor structure and topography. Magnetic stripes on the seafloor rapidly led to the development of the sea floor spreading hypothesis and theory of plate tectonics. Remote sensing techniques are discussed to better understand the seafloor and search for treasure.Oceanography instruments used in fishing Activities
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The document provides instructions for writing a five paragraph essay. It explains that the introduction should contain a hook sentence to grab the reader's attention, followed by a clear thesis statement. The next three sentences preview the three main points or subtopics that will be discussed in the body paragraphs. The sixth sentence acts as a transition into the following paragraphs. Each body paragraph then focuses on one of the subtopics, with a topic sentence restating the point. The conclusion restates the thesis and main points and asks the reader "what have you learned?".Open house
Open houseECSD
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This document provides information about the grading policy, homework policy, late assignments policy, important events for the year, and a message to parents from Mr. Moore. It outlines that homework, participation, and spelling assessments count once each toward grades, while quizzes count twice and tests/assessments count three times. It states homework must be completed and turned in by the next school day, and late assignments will be marked as a zero if not turned in by Monday. It lists some events like class elections, state tests, and field trips. It encourages parents to help their child succeed by studying with them, checking homework, working on organization, and keeping communication positive.Cell processes
Cell processesECSD
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The document discusses several topics related to cells including:
1) How materials move in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2) How photosynthesis and cell respiration help cells get energy, with photosynthesis using sunlight to make food and cell respiration breaking down sugar to release energy.
3) The five stages of cell division: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis.
4) How specialized cells work together through cell differentiation into different cell types that then form tissues, organs, and organ systems.Animal and Plant Cells
Animal and Plant CellsECSD
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The document discusses the key parts of plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things and outlines some of the main cellular structures including the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nucleus, and vacuoles. The main differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have.Earth’s magnetism
Earth’s magnetismECSD
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The document discusses Earth's magnetic field and how it is generated. It is believed that Earth's magnetic field is caused by movements in the planet's liquid outer core, which is composed mostly of iron and nickel. Scientists can determine the past direction of Earth's magnetic field by studying the alignment of iron atoms in ancient cooled magma using a device called a magnetometer. The planet is thought to have undergone magnetic reversals in the past, switching the north and south poles, as evidenced by studies of magnetic patterns in seafloor rocks.Ocean floor
Ocean floorECSD
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Sonar is a method for determining the depth of the ocean using sound waves. It works by emitting pulses from a device on the ocean's surface that bounce off the ocean floor and return to the ship. By measuring how long it takes for the echo to return, scientists can calculate the depth of the water. Sonar has allowed for highly accurate mapping of the ocean floor and discovery of very deep ocean trenches over 10,000 meters and undersea mountains taller than Mount Everest.Protists
ProtistsECSD
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The document discusses protists, which are single-celled microscopic organisms that can have traits of plants, animals, or both. It describes how different protists move, feed, and reproduce. Some protists are animal-like and use pseudopods or cilia for movement, while plantlike protists can use chloroplasts to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Most protists reproduce through a process called fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.Moneran Kingdom
Moneran KingdomECSD
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Monerans are single-celled organisms that exist anywhere life can be found and can survive in extreme temperatures and pressures. They lack nuclei but some have flagella for movement. Bacteria are a type of moneran that feed on dead or decaying matter and living things, and are classified by shape. Blue-green bacteria contain chlorophyll and can produce their own food through photosynthesis. Monerans reproduce through binary fission under ideal conditions every 20 minutes. Viruses are tiny fragments of genetic material wrapped in a protein capsule that reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to produce more viruses until the host cell bursts. Communicable diseases spread via direct or indirect contact when bacteria or viruses enter the body and causeOcean floor
- 2. Sonar Part 1
- 3. Sonar Sonar- Stands for so und na vigation and r anging Sonar was first developed by British naval scientists in 1921. Later it was used in times of warfare. More commonly sonar is used to measure the distance from the ocean’s surface to the bottom. Sonar has also been used on land. Pulses sent through soil can identify different layers of soil and rock as well as locate natural gas and oil!
- 4. How does it work? A sonar device emits sound waves into the ocean from the surface. When the impulses strike the bottom they return to the ship carrying the sonar device in the form of an echo. It then computes the depth of the ocean at that point. The longer it takes for the echo to return the deeper the ocean floor is!
- 5. Do the Math! Scientists know that sound waves travel through the water at 1,530m/s. If it takes an impulse 6.60s to travel from the ship to the ocean floor and back again, how deep is that part of the ocean?
- 6. Answer 1,530 m/s X6.60 s 10,098 m 10,098 m 2 = 5,049 m
- 7. Mapping Sonar has allowed scientists to accurately map the ocean floor. As a result many interesting discoveries have been made. Including abysses 10,600 m deep (6.3 miles), and mountains higher than Mt Everest the tallest mountain on land at 8,848m (29,198 ft).