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Oral Communication in Context Writing-Process.pptx
- 2. Conducting an audience analysis Determining the purpose of the speech Selecting a topic Narrowing down a topic Gathering data Selecting a speech pattern Preparing an outline Creating the body of the speech Preparing the introduction Preparing the conclusion Editing and/or Revising Rehearsing
- 3. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS Looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following information: a.Demography (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations) b.Situation (time, venue, occasion and size) c.Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and needs)
- 4. PURPOSE OF WRITING The purpose of writing and delivering the speech can be classified into threeto inform, to entertain or to persuade. An Informative Speech provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the speaker. An Entertainment Speech provides the audience with amusement. A Persuasive Speech provides the audience with well- argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions.
- 5. GENERAL PURPOSE SPECIFIC PURPOSE To Inform To inform Grade 11 students about the process of conducting an automated student government election To inform Grade 11 students about the definition and relevance of information literacy today To inform Grade 11 students
- 6. GENERAL PURPOSE SPECIFIC PURPOSE To entertain To entertain Grade 11 students with his/her funny experiences in automated election. To entertain Grade 11 students with interesting observations of people who lack information literacy. To entertain Grade 11 students with the success stories of the
- 7. GENERAL PURPOSE SPECIFIC PURPOSE To Persuade To persuade the school administrators to switch from manual to automated student government election. To persuade Grade 11 students to develop information literacy skills To persuade the school administrators to promote
- 8. TOPIC Your focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have decided on your purpose. If you are free to decide on atopic, choose one that really interests you. There are a variety of strategies used in selecting a topic, such as using your personal experiences, discussing with your family members or friends, free writing, listing, asking questions, semantic webbing.
- 9. NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC Making your main idea more specific and focused. The strategies in selecting a topic can also be used when you narrow down a topic.
- 10. GENERAL PURPOSE TO INFORM SPECIFIC PURPOSE To inform Grade 11 students on the importance of effective money management TOPIC Financial literacy or effective money management NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC THROUGH LISTING Effective money management Effective money management of Grade 11 students Developing an effective money management of Grade 11 students Defining and developing effective money management skills of Grade 11 students
- 11. DATA GATHERING A stage where you collects ideas, information, sources and references relevant or related to your specific topic This can be done by visiting a library, browsing the web, observing a certain phenomenon or event related to your topic or conducting interview or survey.
- 12. WRITING PATTERNS Structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your topic. Ex. are biographical, categorical/topical, casual, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem-solution and spatial.
- 13. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES BIOGRAPHICAL Presents descriptions of your life or of a person, famous or not Specific Purpose To inform my audience about my grandfather, the late former President Ramon Magsaysay Specific Topic Describing the life and works of my grandfather, the late former President Ramon Magsaysay
- 14. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES CATEGORICAL/ TOPICAL Presents related categories supporting the topic Specific Purpose To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse and recycle as means of eliminating garbage and protecting the environment. Why the community members should
- 15. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES CAUSAL Presents cause- effect relationships Specific Purpose To inform my audience on the effects of overeating Specific Topic Explaining the possible effects of overeating to ones health
- 16. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES CHRONOLOGICA L Presents the idea in time order Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the significant events in the 1986 EDSA Revolution or People Power Specific Topic Describing the significant events before, during, and after the 1986 EDSA Revolution or
- 17. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES COMPARISON/ CONTRAST Presents comparison/cont rast of two or three points Specific Purpose To persuade the audience that living in the Philippines is better than living in Australia Specific Topic Explaining why the Philippines is more habitable than Australia
- 18. PATTERN DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES PROBLEM- SOLUTION Presents an identified problem, its causes, and recommended solutions Specific Purpose To persuade the audience to support the educational programs of the national government Specific Topic Explaining the reasons for supporting the governments educational programs sees as the primary means
- 19. OUTLINE A hierarchal list that shows the relationship of your ideas. Experts in public speaking state that once your outline is ready, two-thirds of your speech writing is finished The elements of an outline include introduction, body and conclusion.
- 20. TABLE FORMAT PURPOSE To Persuade SPECIFIC PURPOSE To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse, and recycle as means of eliminating garbage and protecting the environment. TOPIC Promoting the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling in eliminating wastes and protecting the environment. PATTERN Problem-solution INTRODUCTION Share facts on the current situation of the environment. State the message of the speech (specific topic) BODY Discuss how improper waste disposal becomes an environmental problem. Explain how reducing, reusing, and recycling would eliminate wastes and protect the environment.
- 21. LIST FORMAT 1.0 As of today, there is an alarming increase of wastes in our community. 1.1 According to Solid Waste Management Office, if we do not take immediate action, we might face more perils caused by natural calamities. 1.2 Now, I am going to talk about how to eliminate wastes and protect the environment. 2.0 Improper waste disposal causes environmental problems. 2.1 Waste contaminate the soil. 2.2 Wastes contaminate the water. 2.3 Waste can cause floods. 3.0 There are ways to eliminate wastes and protect the environment. 3.1 Reducing, reusing, and recycling can help eliminate wastes. 3.2 People should start doing these at home. 4.0 We must act now. 4.1 This solution should be supported by the local government. 4.2 Let us learn from the lessons in natural calamities we have experienced.
- 22. BODY OF THE SPEECH Provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of the speech. One major consideration in developing the body of your speech is the focus or central idea. The body of your speech should only have one central idea.
- 23. Some Strategies to highlight your main idea: Presents real-life or practical examples Show statistics Present comparisons Share ideas from the experts or practitioners
- 24. INTRODUCTION The foundation of your speech. Primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea of your speech.
- 25. Some Strategies in writing Introduction: Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject. Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject. Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means. Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.
- 26. CONCLUSION Restates the main idea of your speech. Provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action. It aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement.
- 27. Some Strategies in writing Conclusion: Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message. Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience. Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder.
- 28. EDITING/REVISING It involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others.
- 29. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for Focus - Ensure that everything you have written, from introduction to conclusion, is related to your central message
- 30. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for Clarity - Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order (main idea first then supporting details or supporting details first then main idea)
- 31. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for Concision -Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences and by using simple words.
- 32. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for Continuity - Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases.
- 33. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for Variety - Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational and vice-versa, moving around the stage or adding humor.
- 34. SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING by Andrew Dlugan Edit for impact and beauty - Make your speech memorable by using these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid descriptive images, write well-crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of speech.
- 35. REHEARSING It gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for you and for your target audience. Some strategies include reading your speech aloud, recording for your own analysis or for your peers or coaches to give feedback on your delivery. The things to remember at this stage is : Constant practice makes perfect.
- 36. Some Guidelines in Writing Speech Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is meant to be heard by your audience, not read. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because they can confuse your audience. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal pronoun I, but take care not to overuse it. When you need to emphasize collectiveness with your audience, use the personal pronoun We. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and conversational tone of your speech. Be sensitive of your audience. Be careful with your language, jokes and nonverbal cues. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively convey your point. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls under the time limit.
Editor's Notes
- #1: Just like events planning or any other activities, writing an effective speech follows certain steps or processes. The process for writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is RECURSIVE. That means you have the opportunity to repeat a writing procedure definitely, or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle on the right one. THE FIGURE SHOWS THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
- #4: The purpose can be general and specific. Study the examples to see the differences.
- #11: The data that you will gather will be very useful making you speech informative, entertaining or persuasive.
- #19: A good outline helps you see that all the ideas are in line with your main idea or message. Write your outline based on how you want your ideas to develop. Here are some of the suggested formats.
- #29: So, whats the point? Whats the message of the speech?
- #30: I dont understand the message because the examples or supporting details were confusing
- #31: The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening to him/her.
- #32: The speech was too difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle.
- #33: I didnt enjoy the speech because it was boring.
- #34: Theres nothing really special about the speech.