Orthopedic beds

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Sanil Varghese

This document discusses the anatomy and types of bone grafts. It begins by describing the two types of bone tissue: cortical/compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer, and cancellous/spongy bone, which fills the interior. Bone grafting is then introduced as a surgical procedure to repair broken or defective bone using donor bone material. The document proceeds to explain the three key processes in bone graft incorporation: osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteogenesis. It provides details on the types of bone grafts, including those based on donor origin (autograft, allograft, xenograft) and composition (cortical, cancellous). Risks, techniques and applications of different bone graft procedures are

Dr.S.Senthil Sailesh-functional cast bracing,PTBcast,sarmiento principleSenthil sailesh

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The document discusses functional casting and bracing techniques used to treat fractures while allowing restricted movement. It describes the principles of functional casting which include maintaining stability and reduction while promoting blood flow and muscle contraction to encourage healing. Specific casts for treating fractures of the humerus, tibia, femur and hip are outlined, including the Sarmiento cast and hip spica cast. The timing, positioning and complications of different casts are summarized. Functional casting aims to continue function during fracture healing to accelerate rehabilitation.

$Factors affecting fracture healing$ $Factors affecting fracture healing$

Factors affecting fracture healingSachinMalayaiah1

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1. Fracture healing is influenced by local and systemic factors and involves the recruitment and activation of cells to regenerate tissue in the correct anatomical location. 2. The three main types of fracture repair are direct bone healing, creeping substitution, and repair by bone callus. 3. Key determinants of fracture healing speed include the stability of fixation, age, location of the fracture, blood flow, and presence of infection or soft tissue interposition. Smoking, alcohol, and medications like corticosteroids can delay healing.

ReplantationSamik Sharma

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This document discusses replantation and revascularization techniques for amputated body parts. It covers the definitions of replantation and revascularization, relevant anatomy, operative techniques including artery and nerve repair, post-operative care, and special considerations for different types of amputations such as distal digital, thumb, and multiple digit amputations. Replantation requires microsurgical expertise and a multidisciplinary team for successful restoration of both form and function of amputated extremities.

Fracture healing Diwakar vasudev

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This document discusses bone healing and repair. It begins with an introduction and overview of bone structure and function. There are several cell types involved in bone healing including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and fibroblasts. Bone healing can occur directly through primary healing or indirectly through secondary healing which involves callus formation. Several factors can affect bone healing such as nutrition, age, infection and vascularity. Complications of bone healing include nonunion, malunion and delayed union. Bone grafts undergo revascularization from the recipient site and healing of extraction sockets occurs in stages from coagulum to bone development.

TorticollisMahmoud Ahmad

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Torticollis is a twisting of the neck that can have many causes. In newborns, it is often due to issues during birth or position in the uterus. Older children may experience torticollis after neck injuries or infections. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include stretching, medication, bracing, or surgery. Imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI can help identify conditions like muscle issues, infections, fractures, or tumors that are causing the neck twisting.

SyndactylydrJaishreeRai

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Syndactyly is a condition where two or more digits, such as fingers or toes, are fused together. It can be classified as simple or complex based on whether the soft tissue or bones are fused. Syndactyly is usually congenital and occurs when the webbing between digits fails to dissolve during early fetal development. While syndactyly surgery is generally indicated, risks include hypertrophic scarring and skin flap sloughing, especially in lower limb procedures on young children. Post-operative scar management may include massage, splinting, ultrasound therapy, or laser treatment.

Functional cast bracing and various pop spica castAkash kumar maddheshiya

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This document discusses various types of casts used to immobilize different body parts, including hip spica casts, thumb spica casts, and shoulder spica casts. It provides details on the indications, techniques, positions, and complications of each type of cast. It also covers functional cast bracing, which allows controlled movement and weight bearing during fracture healing to promote rapid recovery. A variety of plaster and thermoplastic materials can be used to fabricate functional bracing devices for the upper and lower limbs.

derangement knee pptdralizameer

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The document discusses internal derangements of the knee, focusing on injuries to ligaments and cartilages. It describes the anatomy of the knee joint and then examines several specific ligament injuries in more detail, including the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament. For each, it covers anatomy, mechanisms of injury, clinical findings, and treatment approaches. The most common derangements involve injuries to the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.

CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINO VARUSAbino David

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This document discusses congenital talipes equino-varus (CTEV), also known as clubfoot. CTEV is a congenital deformity of the foot and ankle characterized by equinus, inversion, adduction and cavus. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 live births. The document describes the types and causes of CTEV, pathological changes, treatment methods including Ponseti technique and surgery, and long-term management with bracing. Non-operative treatment is usually attempted first using serial casting and manipulation techniques.

Osteogenesis imperfectaorthoprince

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OI, also known as brittle bone disease, is caused by mutations in type 1 collagen that result in weaker, more brittle bones. It can range from mild to lethal. The most common and mildest type is Type 1, characterized by frequent fractures from minor trauma as a child that lessen in adulthood. The most severe type is Type 2, which is often lethal at or shortly after birth due to respiratory failure from fractures and bone deformities. Treatment focuses on fracture prevention and management, orthopedic surgery, bisphosphonates, physiotherapy, and assistive devices.

Hip DysplasiaDavid S. Feldman, MD

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Hip dysplasia describes a condition where the hip becomes partially or fully dislocated and/or the hip’s ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) are misaligned. The condition primarily affects children but is also commonly diagnosed in adulthood. Treatment options range from simple bracing to extensive surgery and should be determined based on the patient’s age and the severity of their condition. http://www.davidsfeldmanmd.com/specialties/hip-dysplasia

Chronic osteomyelitisorthoprince

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Chronic osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and eradicate completely. It is characterized by infected dead bone within scarred soft tissue. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics as well as extensive surgical debridement to remove all infected and dead bone. Multiple surgical procedures may be needed to eliminate residual infection by removing bone sequestra and draining sinus tracts. Even with aggressive treatment, complications like reinfection, joint stiffness, and limb deformity are common.

Tractionsdrharshwardhandawar

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Traction is a force applied manually or mechanically to reduce fractures or dislocations. There are different types of traction including skin traction, skeletal traction, balanced traction, and fixed traction. Skeletal traction involves pins or wires inserted into bones, while skin traction applies traction through adhesive strips on the skin. Traction has benefits of reducing pain and deformity but risks include pressure sores, nerve palsies, and infection. Proper application and monitoring is needed when using traction.

$Galleazi fracture dislocation$ $Galleazi fracture dislocation$

Galleazi fracture dislocationFawas Muhammad

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This document provides information on Galeazzi fractures, which involve a fracture of the radial shaft with a dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It describes the mechanism of injury as a fall on a hyperpronated forearm, discusses associated injuries, signs on imaging, and classifications. Surgical management is the preferred treatment, involving plate fixation of the radial shaft fracture and possible pinning or open repair of the distal radioulnar joint if unstable. Postoperative immobilization and rehabilitation are also outlined.

Ankle Foot OrthosisApeksha Besekar

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Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are external devices that attach to the lower leg and foot to improve function by controlling motion and providing support. The main components are a calf band, medial and lateral bars that articulate with ankle joints, and a stirrup that anchors to the shoe. There are 5 types of artificial ankle joints prescribed according to muscle strength: free ankle, dorsiflexion stop, plantarflexion stop, fixed dorsiflexion stop, and fixed hinge. AFOs are used to treat drop foot and other conditions involving muscle weakness, deformities, or instability by maintaining proper foot and ankle positioning during gait.

Amputation,Stump care, phantom limb pain and gait training in lower limbHarshita89

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1) Phantom limb pain and sensations are perceptions ranging from slight tingling to sharp pain that amputees feel in a limb that is no longer physically attached. It is estimated to affect 49-83% of amputees. 2) There are two main types of pain after amputation - incisional stump pain localized around the scar, and phantom pain felt in the amputated limb itself. Phantom pain can be crushing or tearing. 3) While phantom sensations often occur right after amputation, phantom pain may affect 8-10% of amputees initially but can persist for years in some cases. Stump pain is usually described as pressing, throbbing or burning.

Fracture healingNishith Sharma

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Fracture healing is a complex process that begins immediately after a bone is broken and continues for many years as the bone remodels. It involves the formation of a soft callus that is later replaced by hard bony callus as new bone bridges the fracture gap. The type and amount of new bone formed depends on factors like fracture type, stability, and biological environment. Fracture healing progresses through inflammatory, callus formation, consolidation, and remodeling stages. Complications can include malunion, delayed union, and nonunion, which are influenced by injury, patient, tissue, and treatment factors and require specific management approaches.

Deformities of spineAyush Arora

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This document discusses various spinal deformities including scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. It describes the anatomy, causes, classifications, treatments, and outcomes of each condition. Infantile, juvenile, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are addressed. Scheuermann's kyphosis and congenital kyphosis are also summarized. Lordosis is defined and clinical features and treatments are provided.

$Spinal fractures (injury)$ $Spinal fractures (injury)$

Spinal fractures (injury)kajalgoel8

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developemental dysplasia of hipHardik Pawar

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This document provides an overview of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), including its normal development, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Key points include: DDH can range from mild dysplasia to frank dislocation and is more common in females. Clinical diagnosis involves the Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers while imaging includes x-rays and ultrasound. Treatment depends on the grade of DDH and may involve closed or open reduction along with bracing or splinting. Complications can include avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis if left untreated.

Floor reaction orthosisIndra Singh

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The document discusses floor reaction orthoses (FRO). It defines an FRO as a custom plastic device that supports the ankle and foot from below the knee to the foot. An FRO works by holding the ankle in plantar flexion, which shifts the line of force from the ground reaction force behind the ankle and in front of the knee, generating extension at the knee. This allows patients with weak leg muscles to walk without knee buckling. FROs are indicated for patients with conditions like polio, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury that cause lower leg weakness. They provide knee stability during walking in a lightweight design.

Devlopmental dysplasia of hip(DDH) by DR.NAVEEN RATHORDR.Naveen Rathor

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DDHHAMAD DHUHAYR

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A 7-month-old girl was referred to an orthopedic surgeon after her pediatrician noticed asymmetric skin folds in her upper thighs during a vaccination appointment. Upon examination, the orthopedic surgeon found palpable hip instability, unequal leg lengths, and limited abduction on the left side. An ultrasound confirmed a diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Treatment options included abduction splints, hip spica casting, or reduction procedures.

Congenital hip dislocationareejalo92

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Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) refers to a spectrum of hip abnormalities ranging from shallowness of the hip socket to dislocation of the femoral head. It was previously known as congenital dislocation of the hip but the term developmental dysplasia is now preferred as it can develop after birth. Left untreated, DDH can cause limping, leg length discrepancies, and hip arthritis. Treatment depends on the child's age and severity of dysplasia, ranging from splinting or bracing for mild cases to osteotomy surgery for more advanced cases. Early diagnosis before walking begins is important to allow for effective nonsurgical treatment.

Amputationsorthoprince

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This document provides an overview of amputations, including: - Indications for amputations include poor circulation, injury, infection, and tumors. The most common indication is poor circulation from conditions like diabetes or peripheral artery disease. - Types of amputations include closed amputations where flaps are closed primarily and open amputations where flaps are not primarily closed. Levels of amputation depend on the condition and location of the injury or disease. - Basic principles of amputation include using anesthesia, a tourniquet, fashioning adequate skin flaps, sectioning muscles and blood vessels, protecting cut nerve endings, and postoperative rehabilitation. Complications can include hematoma, infection, necrosis, contractures and phantom limb

OsteomalaciaKrishna Vasudev

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This document discusses osteomalacia, a disease characterized by softening of the bones due to defective mineralization. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or phosphate deficiency. Signs include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragile bones. Laboratory findings show low calcium and phosphate levels as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Exercise and sunlight exposure can also help strengthen bones affected by osteomalacia.

Fracture of Distal End Humerus.Dr.Anshu Sharma

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Musculo skeletal disordersSanil Varghese

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This document discusses musculoskeletal disorders including joint dislocation, ligament injuries, and tendon ruptures. Joint dislocation occurs when trauma distorts and stresses the joint structures, blood supply, and nerves, which can lead to avascular necrosis or nerve palsy. Specific ligament injuries mentioned are to the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, as well as meniscal injuries and ruptured Achilles tendons.

X-RAY , SPECIAL ORTHOPEDIC BEDSRoxanneMae Birador

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X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to create images of structures inside the body. They were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen and allow for the non-invasive diagnosis of issues like broken bones and tumors. While radiation exposure poses some risk, x-rays provide important medical information with minimal preparation. Special orthopedic beds are also used to promote patient positioning, turning, and skin integrity for those with injuries or conditions affecting mobility.

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