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Research Paper Writing
(some important aspects)
Presented by
Dr. Nigamananda Biswas
Associate Professor
Department of Business Administration
Aligarh Muslim University,
Murshidabad Centre, WB
Benefits of Writing Research Paper
 Contribute in knowledge domain
 Authority in subject domain
 Creation of ideas & opinions
 Improve writing skill
 Research/analytical/ logical/critical thinking skill
 Bring clarity of thoughts & communication
 Reading habit will be built
 Career development opportunity
Topic selection?
 It should be unique, not me too
 Social relevance
 Fill knowledge gap
 Very specific, not vague
Name of the author(s)
 With designation and Affiliation (may be in footnote)
Abstract with keywords
 Summarizing within 150 to 300 words
 3 to 6 keywords (to define later on)
Prelude/ Introduction?
 To introduce the topic
 Background of the study
 Rationale of the study
 Problem statement
 To describe research questions
Review of Literature?
 Status of previous work done
 To find out knowledge/research gap
 To identify the factors/ variable for questionnaire/ schedule development
 For developing Hypothesis/ Hypotheses
 To identify rationality of the study
Research Objectives
 What researchers want to achieve
 Specific
 Lucid
 Aligned with the topic/ problem statements
 Entire research should revolve around it
Hypotheses/ Research Questions
Hypothesis
 When adequate literature is
available
 Testing has to be done through
various statistical tools and
techniques
 When the research is Empirical or
causal in nature
 When the study is quantitative in
nature
 The result is conclusive/
inferential
Research Question
 Inadequate literature / information
available
 Logical justification or previous
literature support
 Exploratory in nature
 Qualitative study
 Non conclusive- leads to hypothesis
development
Research Methodology
 Data source- primary or secondary or both
 Development of research tools- questionnaire/ schedule
 Identification of Universe- population- sampling unit- true sample
(sampling frame)
 Sample size calculation
 Administering research tools- collecting data-data entry- analysis &
interpretations- final result- discussion
 Scope and limitations of the study
 Data collection
 Analysis and Interpretation
 Result and discussion
 Conclusion/ implications
Scope for Further research study
 Present study could be a base for another study
 Untouched aspects can be included
 Present limitations can be overcome
 Futuristic approach can be adopted
References / Bibliography
 Web reference-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_India Crime in India; date of
access 27/11/2018 at 13:47 pm.
 Cain, K. (2012, June 29). The Negative effects of Facebook on
communication. Social Media Today RSS. Retrieved from
http://socialmediatoday.com
Cite a Blog/ Vlog Post in APA
 Last, F. M. (1999,12/12). Article title [Type of blog post]. Retrieved from
link.......
 Schonfeld, E. (2010, May 3). Google throws $38.8 million to the wind.
Retrieved May 4, 2010, from http://techcrunch.com
 Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally
here. Retrieved from http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-
plan-is-finally-here-1429566597
APA style
 Journal Article-
 Gleditsch, N. P., Pinker, S., Thayer, B. A., Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R.
(2013). The forum: The decline of war. International Studies Review, 15(3),
396-419.
 Book-
 Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and
technology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
 Newspaper-
 Frost, L. (2006, September 14). First passengers ride monster jet. The Salt
Lake Tribune, p. A2.
MLA
 Book Chapter-
 Riley, Simon C., and Michael J. Murphy. Student Choice in the
Undergraduate Curriculum: Student-Selected Components. Oxford
Textbook of Medical Education, edited by Kieran Walsh, Oxford UP, pp. 50-
63.
 Online -
 Hasen, Richard L. Race or Party? How Courts Should Think About Republican
Efforts to Make it Harder to Vote in North Carolina and Elsewhere. Harvard Law
Review Forum, vol. 125, no. 58, 7 Jan. 2014, harvardlawreview.org/2014/01/race-
or-party-how-courts-should-think-about-republican-efforts-to-make-it-harder-to-
vote-in-north-carolina-and-elsewhere/.
Chicago Style
 Journal-
 O'Brien, Damien, and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube
World." Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74.
 Web Page-
 Patel, Sujan. 15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015. Entrepreneur.
January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570.
Language in research paper
 Lucid
 But not over simplified
 Avoid technical jargon (need to define)
 Symmetry in two paragraphs/ sentences
Plagiarism
 Me too- but claiming as original and ownership
 Wrongfully stealing of language, thoughts, ideas, expressions etc.
 Academic theft, Unethical
 Acceptable upto 10% in certain cases
 But 0% in case of Title, Objectives, Methodology etc.....

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Paper writing

  • 1. Research Paper Writing (some important aspects)
  • 2. Presented by Dr. Nigamananda Biswas Associate Professor Department of Business Administration Aligarh Muslim University, Murshidabad Centre, WB
  • 3. Benefits of Writing Research Paper Contribute in knowledge domain Authority in subject domain Creation of ideas & opinions Improve writing skill Research/analytical/ logical/critical thinking skill Bring clarity of thoughts & communication Reading habit will be built Career development opportunity
  • 4. Topic selection? It should be unique, not me too Social relevance Fill knowledge gap Very specific, not vague
  • 5. Name of the author(s) With designation and Affiliation (may be in footnote)
  • 6. Abstract with keywords Summarizing within 150 to 300 words 3 to 6 keywords (to define later on)
  • 7. Prelude/ Introduction? To introduce the topic Background of the study Rationale of the study Problem statement To describe research questions
  • 8. Review of Literature? Status of previous work done To find out knowledge/research gap To identify the factors/ variable for questionnaire/ schedule development For developing Hypothesis/ Hypotheses To identify rationality of the study
  • 9. Research Objectives What researchers want to achieve Specific Lucid Aligned with the topic/ problem statements Entire research should revolve around it
  • 10. Hypotheses/ Research Questions Hypothesis When adequate literature is available Testing has to be done through various statistical tools and techniques When the research is Empirical or causal in nature When the study is quantitative in nature The result is conclusive/ inferential Research Question Inadequate literature / information available Logical justification or previous literature support Exploratory in nature Qualitative study Non conclusive- leads to hypothesis development
  • 11. Research Methodology Data source- primary or secondary or both Development of research tools- questionnaire/ schedule Identification of Universe- population- sampling unit- true sample (sampling frame) Sample size calculation Administering research tools- collecting data-data entry- analysis & interpretations- final result- discussion Scope and limitations of the study
  • 12. Data collection Analysis and Interpretation Result and discussion Conclusion/ implications
  • 13. Scope for Further research study Present study could be a base for another study Untouched aspects can be included Present limitations can be overcome Futuristic approach can be adopted
  • 14. References / Bibliography Web reference- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_India Crime in India; date of access 27/11/2018 at 13:47 pm. Cain, K. (2012, June 29). The Negative effects of Facebook on communication. Social Media Today RSS. Retrieved from http://socialmediatoday.com
  • 15. Cite a Blog/ Vlog Post in APA Last, F. M. (1999,12/12). Article title [Type of blog post]. Retrieved from link....... Schonfeld, E. (2010, May 3). Google throws $38.8 million to the wind. Retrieved May 4, 2010, from http://techcrunch.com Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally here. Retrieved from http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless- plan-is-finally-here-1429566597
  • 16. APA style Journal Article- Gleditsch, N. P., Pinker, S., Thayer, B. A., Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2013). The forum: The decline of war. International Studies Review, 15(3), 396-419. Book- Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Newspaper- Frost, L. (2006, September 14). First passengers ride monster jet. The Salt Lake Tribune, p. A2.
  • 17. MLA Book Chapter- Riley, Simon C., and Michael J. Murphy. Student Choice in the Undergraduate Curriculum: Student-Selected Components. Oxford Textbook of Medical Education, edited by Kieran Walsh, Oxford UP, pp. 50- 63. Online - Hasen, Richard L. Race or Party? How Courts Should Think About Republican Efforts to Make it Harder to Vote in North Carolina and Elsewhere. Harvard Law Review Forum, vol. 125, no. 58, 7 Jan. 2014, harvardlawreview.org/2014/01/race- or-party-how-courts-should-think-about-republican-efforts-to-make-it-harder-to- vote-in-north-carolina-and-elsewhere/.
  • 18. Chicago Style Journal- O'Brien, Damien, and Brian Fitzgerald, "Digital Copyright Law in a YouTube World." Internet Law Bulletin 9, no. 6 (2007): 71-74. Web Page- Patel, Sujan. 15 Must-have Marketing Tools for 2015. Entrepreneur. January 12, 2015. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241570.
  • 19. Language in research paper Lucid But not over simplified Avoid technical jargon (need to define) Symmetry in two paragraphs/ sentences
  • 20. Plagiarism Me too- but claiming as original and ownership Wrongfully stealing of language, thoughts, ideas, expressions etc. Academic theft, Unethical Acceptable upto 10% in certain cases But 0% in case of Title, Objectives, Methodology etc.....