Parasitology (plasmodium)
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There are 4 species of the genus Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. vivax and P. falciparum are the most common in India. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving an intermediate host (humans) and definitive host (female Anopheles mosquito). In humans, the parasite goes through stages of pre-erythrocytic schizogony, erythrocytic schizogony, and gametogony. Malaria infection causes intermittent fevers and other symptoms like anemia and splenomegaly. P. falciparum can sometimes cause severe complications like cerebral
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Parasitology (plasmodium)
- 2. There are 4 species of genus plasmodium : P.vivax , P.falciparum, P.malariae and P.ovale They are protozoa, causing malaria in man In india , P. vivax and P.falciparum are very common but P.ovale does not occur. HOST : 1. Intermediate host man 2. Definitive host female anopheles Asexual development of parasite occurs in man and sexual development in mosquito.
- 3. SPOROZOITES in infective form are present in salivary glands of female anophles Man get infected by bite and sporozoites introduced dirctly into blood circulation Stages: 1. pre-erythrocytic schizogony 2. erythrocytic schizogony 3. gametogony 4. exo-erythrocytic schizogony
- 6. Infection with plasmodium causes intermittent fever which is named as malaria Incubation period : 10-14 days in P.vivax , P.falciparum , P.ovale 28-30 days in P.malariae Clinical features: febrile paroxysm anaemia splenomegaly
- 7. It is life threatening complication that sometimes occurs in acute falciparum malaria. It is due to heavy parasitization. Pernicious malaria is grouped into : 1. Cerebral malaria : characterised by hyperpyrexia, coma & paralysis. 2. Algid malaria : characterised by cold chammy skin leading to peripheral circulating malaria. It is manifestation of infection with P.falciparum occuring in those person who have been previously infected and have had inadequate dose of quinine It is complication of malaria infection in which red blood cell burst in the bloodstream (haemolysis) , releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine , frequently leading to kidney failure.
- 8. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION : of peripheral blood smear is the most important diagnostic procedure in malaria. Take blood during pyrexia Not after even single dose of anti-malarial drug
- 9. Malarial parasites may be quickly detected in the thick smear but species identification is difficult. Thin smear is examined for identifying the species of plasmodium
- 10. SEROLOGICAL TEST : indirect immuno- fluorescence test , indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) , and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) are the serological tests used for the diagnosis of malaria DNA probes : these are sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of malaria Chloroquine is used for treatment of acute malaria .However, resistance to this drug in P.falciparum is reported Widely . Mefloquine is active against chloroquine resistant strains.