Paytm On-Call Service
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Paytm On-Call service allows users to perform Paytm tasks like sending money and recharging mobiles without internet by calling a phone number. To use it, callers must register a 4-digit PIN. They can then send money by entering the recipient's number and amount. Last mobile recharges can be repeated with PIN confirmation. The service language and ability to logout if a mobile is lost are also options available through the call-based system.
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Anatomy of the Larynx
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* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
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* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
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1. **Arytenoid**:
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| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
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3. **Cuneiform**:
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> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
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Open PPT for detail description: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Peptic ulcer disease refers to mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 5 mm in the stomach or proximal duodenum, caused primarily by an imbalance between gastric acid/pepsin secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms. The most common etiologies include Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic use of NSAIDs, and physiological stress.
Classification of Peptic Ulcers
Based on Location
Gastric Ulcers Occur in the stomach lining.
Duodenal Ulcers Occur in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
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H. pyloriAssociated Ulcers
NSAID-Induced Ulcers
Stress-Related Mucosal Disease (SRMD)
ZollingerEllison Syndrome (gastrinoma-related)
Cushings Ulcer (due to intracranial injury)
Curlings Ulcer (seen in burn patients)
Pharmacological Management
1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
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Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
Severe bleeding unresponsive to endoscopic management
Summary
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This presentation provides a concise yet comprehensive review of common clinical signs and their diagnostic significance, summarized under the acronym PICCKLE Pallor, Icterus, Clubbing, Cyanosis, Koilonychia, Lymphadenopathy, and Edema. Each condition is defined, followed by key causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic techniques, and clinical relevance. The content is tailored for undergraduate and postgraduate students in medicine and pharmacy, as well as early-career clinicians seeking to reinforce their clinical examination skillsELECTROMYOGRAPHY.pptX by GOKULAKRISHNAN.
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Electromyography is basically the study of motor unit activity.
In electromyography, the study of the electrical activity of contracting muscle provides information concerning the structure and function of the motor units.
Yoga Postures to Practice for Holistic (Physical, Mental, and Cognitive) Well...
Yoga Postures to Practice for Holistic (Physical, Mental, and Cognitive) Well...Bhoj Raj Singh
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An ancient System for holistic health (mental and physical) and wellbeing, is a scientific art of living with harmony (connecting) of mind and body. Although much more ancient than Patanjali, who documented yoga systematically about 2000 years ago, Patanjali is often referred to as the "father of modern yoga."
Yoga postures are commonly depicted in ancient paintings, carvings, and sculptures in almost all civilizations and religions, thus Yoga cant be described as an act of Hinduism. It originated long before any religion on Earth, with the emergence of life on the Planet. All yoga poses are natural, and what is not natural is not yoga; it is油Viyoga.
Besides Vedic Yoga, Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Yin, Restorative, Kundalini, Bikram, Sahaj, and Power yoga are some popular types.
Vinyasa油Yoga is the closest form to Vedic Yoga; it is known for its flowing movements, not very rigorous, not too much straining, actions flow with the breath.
Though all yoga may lead to meditation (Dhyan) for your inner upliftment, it is not the same as described in Hinduism for self-liberation.
In Hinduism, different paths of life looking distinct but can be practiced all together, they are: Karma Yoga (selfless action and service), Bhakti Yoga (devotion and love for God or Godly power), Jnana (Gyan) Yoga (gaining knowledge for self-realization through wisdom), Dhyan Yoga (meditation) and Kriya Yoga (optimum utilization of your vital and muscular energy).油
From Wheals to Wellness: Transforming Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Care With...
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Chair, Michael E. Manning, MD, FAAAAI, FACAAI, discusses chronic spontaneous urticaria in this CME activity titled From Wheals to Wellness: Transforming Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Care With Emerging Solutions. For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at . CME credit will be available until June 11, 2026.From Preservation To Regeneration--The Stem Cell Era of Hair Restoration_DrAl...
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How can the latest in Regenerative Medicine help those suffering from hair loss? Cell Surgical Conference 2025 featured Dr Alan Bauman as a faculty member once again to discuss all things related to hair loss, hair transplantation and the use of regenerative stem cell therapies for hair restoration. Irradiation to prevent TA-GvHD by Dr. Abrar Kabir Shishir.pptx
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This presentation discusses the role of irradiation in preventing transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD). Covers pathophysiology, risk factors, investigation, prevention strategies, and irradiation procedures. Includes visuals and real-life context from Dhaka Medical College.Ratricharya according to ayurveda along with day and night pattern in various...
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This slide are more importents for ayurveda students and teachers because i have mentioned in this slide night time routine in ayurveda the ancient science of India along with day and night pattern in various counteries within in one ppt. thanks for watching i will be greatful for your suggestion and feedback... please like share and suppourtTuberculosis burden , case finding tools and management .pptx
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This presentation is for educational purposes only. Tuberculosis Nepal 2025 National Plan.pptx
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The presentation contains preventive therapy, the DOTS program, and the national program of Nepal. This material is intended for educational purposes only.Design of cosmeceuticals products;sunprotection,sunscreens
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Design of cosmeceuticals products and improving the skin to protection sun burning, used sunscreens, sunprotections How to be and stay healthy: Live Wire Not a Couch Potato
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Live Wire, Not a Couch Potato was an engaging international eTwinning project aimed at promoting physical activity among youth by blending creativity, tradition, and competition. Founded by teachers from Serbia and Portugal, with partners from Turkey and Greece, the project encouraged students to explore the importance of staying active through fun and meaningful challenges. Working within their local contexts, students from all four countries participated in physical activities at school and in their communities. They documented their experiences through photos, videos, and written reflections, which they shared on TwinSpace. The project helped transform exercise from a routine task into an enjoyable, culturally rich experience, while fostering teamwork, creativity, and international exchange.An interesting case of facial Swelling in an autoimmune rheumatic disease Ahm...
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An interesting case of facial Swelling in an autoimmune rheumatic disease Ahmed Yehia EGYSIR Conference ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdf
ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdfKanyakumari Medical Mission Research Center, Muttom
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From Wheals to Wellness: Transforming Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Care With...
From Wheals to Wellness: Transforming Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Care With...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
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Ratricharya according to ayurveda along with day and night pattern in various...
Ratricharya according to ayurveda along with day and night pattern in various...DR DHARMENDRA BINJHWAR
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Design of cosmeceuticals products;sunprotection,sunscreens
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An interesting case of facial Swelling in an autoimmune rheumatic disease Ahm...
An interesting case of facial Swelling in an autoimmune rheumatic disease Ahm...Internal medicine department, faculty of Medicine Beni-Suef University Egypt
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