Phosphoric acid by HCl
Download as pptx, pdf1 like4,047 views
Phosphate rock is reacted with hydrochloric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium chloride, with side reactions also producing hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. The mixture undergoes solvent extraction using an organic alcohol to separate the phosphoric acid, which is then concentrated through evaporation to produce phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and other products and byproducts.
1 of 5
Downloaded 60 times
Ad
Recommended
Extraction of Lead
Extraction of LeadImtiaz Ali Soomro
油
Lead is a soft, dense metal commonly used in batteries, paints, and other products. It is extracted from galena ore through processes like concentration, flotation, roasting, sintering, and smelting to produce molten lead bullion. Further refining removes impurities through processes like drossing and the Parkes process to produce 99-99.999% pure lead, which is then cast into blocks. Byproducts include sulfuric acid, slag, and air pollution, which require proper handling and disposal to prevent environmental contamination.Manufacture of caustic soda and chlorine using electrolysis process ...
Manufacture of caustic soda and chlorine using electrolysis process ...Ankush Gupta
油
This document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. It provides background on the chlor-alkali industry and describes the three main electrolysis processes: diaphragm cell, mercury cell, and membrane cell. The membrane cell process is highlighted as the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly option. Properties and production details of chlorine, caustic soda, and hydrogen are also outlined. A literature review covers previous research on improving chlor-alkali cell efficiency and treating wastewater from the process.2008 honda civic service repair manual
2008 honda civic service repair manualofpsdjksemmds
油
This document provides troubleshooting information for hydraulic power steering issues on Honda Civic vehicles. It includes:
1) An index of steering component locations and symptoms to troubleshoot. Common symptoms include hard steering, steering wheel not returning smoothly, and noises from the power steering system.
2) Procedures to test power steering pump pressure using special tools to help diagnose issues with the pump or steering gearbox.
3) Detailed troubleshooting steps for common symptoms like hard steering, providing checks of steering components and pressure tests to isolate causes.Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery
Microbial Enhance Oil RecoveryMehreenSharif1
油
The document discusses microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), a method that utilizes microorganisms and their metabolites to mobilize residual oil in reservoirs, aiming for a significant increase in oil recovery rates. It covers various oil recovery methods, the role of microorganisms, and the economic and ecological aspects of MEOR, highlighting its cost-effectiveness and environmental compatibility. It concludes that while MEOR has shown promise through research and pilot tests, further investment and research are needed to implement it widely in the industry.Phosphate based fertilizers
Phosphate based fertilizersAdeel Hasnain
油
Phosphate-based fertilizers are produced through various chemical reactions between phosphate rock, acids like phosphoric and sulfuric acid, and bases like ammonia. Common phosphate fertilizers include single super phosphate (SSP), triple super phosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP). NPK compound fertilizers contain multiple nutrients and are produced by granulation processes that mix raw materials like ammonium phosphates, urea, and potassium salts.Nanotoxicology and Nanosafety
Nanotoxicology and NanosafetyMobiliuz
油
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a 3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with properChlor Alkali Industrial Process
Chlor Alkali Industrial ProcessMahmoud Ashraf
油
The chlor-alkali process is an industrial process that uses electrolysis to produce chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen from salt water. It involves passing an electric current through a brine solution to drive the following reaction: 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2. The process was first developed in the 1850s but improved in the 1890s with the mercury cell. Today, membrane and diaphragm cells are more commonly used, accounting for 60% and 14% of European production respectively. The main uses of the products are in polymers, pesticides, antiseptics, acid production, metallurgy, and the paper industry.Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...
Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...MuhammadAyyanKhan
油
Triple superphosphate (TSP) is produced through a two-stage process of reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid, and then reacting the phosphoric acid with more phosphate rock. This results in granular TSP which contains 47% P2O5. TSP has excellent physical properties for storage and application to fields, and is commonly used in blended fertilizers due to its affordable phosphorus content. It also has some non-agricultural uses as a leavening agent and mineral supplement.Production of caustic soda and chlorine-ppt
Production of caustic soda and chlorine-pptKrishna Peshivadiya
油
The document discusses the production of caustic soda and chlorine through the electrolysis of salt water. There are three main electrolytic cell types used: mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell. In the electrolysis process, salt water is purified and passed through the cells, where an electric current decomposes the brine into chlorine gas at the anode and sodium at the cathode. The sodium and chlorine then undergo further reactions to produce caustic soda and chlorine. The membrane cell process produces high quality caustic soda without contamination from salt, and operates at low voltage and energy efficiency.Phosphoric acid Industries
Phosphoric acid IndustriesSAFFI Ud Din Ahmad
油
Phosphoric acid has many industrial uses including in fertilizers, cleaning products, food processing, and more. It is produced commercially via either the thermal or wet process. The thermal process involves combusting white phosphorus to form P4O10, then hydrating it to form H3PO4. The wet process reacts phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to form H3PO4 and calcium sulfate. There are various wet process techniques including dihydrate, hemihydrate, and recrystallization methods that aim to control calcium sulfate precipitation and recover phosphoric acid.Phosphoric acid [CHEMICAL PROCESSS INDUSTRIES]
Phosphoric acid [CHEMICAL PROCESSS INDUSTRIES]KARTHIKSREEVATSAN
油
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric Acid
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
油
The document presents a detailed analysis of the manufacturing process of phosphoric acid using the wet process, highlighting its applications in food, cosmetics, and cleaning agents. Key components include a literature survey of various manufacturing methods, material and energy balances, cost estimation, and safety measures in plant design. The project concludes with a proposed plant layout and a financial analysis demonstrating the project's feasibility and profitability.Phosphoric acid by sulphuric acid
Phosphoric acid by sulphuric acidVISHAL THAKRE
油
Phosphate rock is ground and reacted with sulfuric acid in a reactor to produce phosphoric acid and a gypsum byproduct, with the phosphoric acid then concentrated through evaporation to the desired strength. The wet process using sulfuric acid is the most common method for producing fertilizer-grade phosphoric acid on an industrial scale, with the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid reacting at high temperatures and pressures to extract over 98% of the phosphoric acid. The resulting slurry of phosphoric acid and gypsum is then filtered and the phosphoric acid concentrated through evaporation for use or further processing.Methanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis ChemistryGerard B. Hawkins
油
This document discusses methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. It provides details on the key synthesis reaction, kinetics, equilibrium, catalyst activity, byproducts and side reactions. The maximum rate of the methanol reaction is defined and diagrams show how operating conditions can be optimized to follow the maximum rate line for minimum catalyst volume. Potential byproducts like ethanol, ketones, and hydrocarbons are also summarized.How to use TSP fertilizer manufacturing
How to use TSP fertilizer manufacturing Proshantaroy5
油
The presentation by Proshanta Roy covers the topic of Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), detailing its composition, manufacturing process, advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects. TSP, a water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, is essential for enhancing root growth and crop yields, though it faces challenges like short reaction times and storage issues. The future of TSP includes developing higher analysis fertilizers to support agriculture in developing countries.Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium HydroxideVISHAL THAKRE
油
Sodium hydroxide is produced commercially through the electrolysis of brine using diaphragm, mercury cathode, or membrane cells. Diaphragm cells produce a dilute sodium hydroxide solution requiring further concentration, while mercury cells produce a pure concentrated solution. Membrane cells avoid mercury usage but require very pure brine and membranes have high costs and short lifetimes. The electrolysis separates sodium ions at the cathode to form sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas at the anode.Catalytic reforming process
Catalytic reforming processIhsan Ali
油
The catalytic reforming process transforms low-octane naphtha from crude oil into high-octane gasoline blending stocks and aromatics through various chemical reactions, including dehydrogenation and isomerization. Developed in the 1940s by Vladimir Haensel, the process utilizes catalysts like platinum on aluminum support to improve octane ratings and remove impurities. Current processes are classified into semi-regenerative, cyclic regenerative, and continuous catalytic regeneration systems, with the overall aim of producing high-quality fuel for the petroleum and petrochemical industries.Leaching equipmnts
Leaching equipmntsNandy 91
油
Leaching is a solid-liquid operation where a solute diffuses from a solid into a liquid. It is used widely in industries like food processing, pharmaceuticals, and metals processing. There are two main types of leaching - unsteady state operations like heap leaching where solids are piled up, and steady state continuous operations using equipment like agitated vessels, thickeners, and continuous countercurrent decantation systems. Selection of leaching equipment depends on factors like nature of solids, solvent used, and whether a batch or continuous process is required.Reflux ratio
Reflux ratiochemicalengppt
油
This document discusses reflux ratios in distillation columns. It defines total, minimum, and optimum reflux ratios. Total reflux uses all overhead vapor as reflux, allowing calculation of minimum required plates. Minimum reflux is the maximum ratio requiring infinite plates for desired separation. Optimum reflux minimizes total costs by balancing fixed costs that decrease with higher reflux against increasing operating costs.Chlor alkali
Chlor alkaliSakilMollah1
油
The document describes the chlor-alkali process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide through the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. Key aspects include:
- Sodium chloride brine is purified through processes like precipitation to remove impurities before electrolysis.
- During electrolysis, chlorine gas is produced at the anode, sodium hydroxide at the cathode, and hydrogen as a byproduct. A membrane separates the anode and cathode compartments.
- Weak brine leaving the anode contains dissolved chlorine which is removed through processes like acidification before recycling. Sodium hydroxide product is cooled and may be concentrated.HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMUsama Pervaiz
油
Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process:
1. The heat generated by the exothermic reactions is utilized to maintain the high temperature needed for the ammonia oxidation reaction, reducing energy costs.
2. Platinum-rhodium alloy is used as the catalyst. Platinum is very expensive but using it in an alloy with less costly rhodium allows the use of less platinum, lowering material costs.petroleum refining,crackin and synthetic petrol-ppt
petroleum refining,crackin and synthetic petrol-pptKrishna Peshivadiya
油
The document discusses petroleum refining, cracking, and methods of producing synthetic petrol. It describes how crude oil is refined through separation, conversion, and treatment processes like distillation. Cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules through thermal or catalytic cracking. Synthetic petrol can be produced via polymerization, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from syngas, or Bergius process where coal is hydrogenated over a catalyst into liquid fuels.Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe processGaurav Soni
油
The document provides information about the various sections of an ammonia plant, including the desulfurization, reforming, shift, CO2 removal, methanation, and ammonia synthesis sections. It details the processes that occur in each section, including catalysts used and operating parameters. The goal is to produce 99.73% pure ammonia from natural gas feedstock using a high-pressure synthesis process.CATALYTIC REFORMING
CATALYTIC REFORMINGtranslateds
油
This document discusses catalytic reforming and hydrocracking processes. It provides details on:
- Catalytic reforming converts low octane naphtha into high octane reformates through reactions like dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization.
- Hydrocracking breaks down heavier hydrocarbon molecules into simpler molecules like gasoline and kerosene using hydrogen and catalysts at high pressures.
- Both processes upgrade petroleum fractions through chemical reactions like cracking, isomerization and hydrogenation to produce more valuable products like gasoline and jet fuel.Leaching
LeachingAbhijit Panchmatiya
油
The document discusses various methods of leaching, which is the process of extracting soluble constituents from a solid material using a liquid solvent. It describes several common leaching techniques used in industries like food processing, pharmaceuticals, and metals extraction. These include counter-current leaching systems that improve extraction efficiency, as well as equipment used for leaching like agitated vessels, thickeners, extractors, and the Kennedy and Bollman extractors.Ammonia plant GSFC by Vishal Tapiawala
Ammonia plant GSFC by Vishal TapiawalaVishal Tapiawala
油
The document outlines the industrial training at the Ammonia IV Plant of GSFC Ltd, detailing its capacity of 1370 mtpd, operating processes, and safety measures. It includes sections on desulphurization, reforming, and ammonia synthesis, alongside specific operational parameters and past incidents. Additionally, it provides a summary of production statistics, costs, and workforce management involved in the ammonia production process.Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Asim Farooq
油
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulphateVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document describes different methods for manufacturing ammonium sulfate, an important nitrogenous fertilizer containing 21% nitrogen, including using flue gases from coal burning and smelting, as a byproduct from caprolactam production, through direct neutralization of ammonia and sulfuric acid, and via a gypsum process involving ammonia, carbon dioxide, and gypsum. Key steps for the gypsum process involve forming ammonium carbonate from ammonia and carbon dioxide then reacting it with gypsum to precipitate calcium carbonate and produce ammonium sulfate solution which is concentrated and dried into crystals.FAQ on chemical Reaction Engineering
FAQ on chemical Reaction EngineeringVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document contains a FAQ on chemical reaction engineering. It provides answers to 19 questions covering topics such as the rate of reaction, types of reactors, orders of reaction, catalysts, feasibility of reactions based on Gibbs free energy, and models used to represent flow in reactors. Key differences between CSTR and PFR reactors are also summarized.FAQ on Process Calculation
FAQ on Process CalculationVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in process calculation:
- Gram mole is the ratio of substance weight in grams to its molecular weight. Normality is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
- A stoichiometric equation shows theoretical moles of reactants and products. The limiting reactant is the first to be used up. Excess reactant remains after the reaction.
- Conversion is reacted reactant over initial reactant. Yield is product from desired reaction over total reacted. Selectivity is desired over undesired product.
- Recycle and bypassMore Related Content
What's hot (20)
Production of caustic soda and chlorine-ppt
Production of caustic soda and chlorine-pptKrishna Peshivadiya
油
The document discusses the production of caustic soda and chlorine through the electrolysis of salt water. There are three main electrolytic cell types used: mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell. In the electrolysis process, salt water is purified and passed through the cells, where an electric current decomposes the brine into chlorine gas at the anode and sodium at the cathode. The sodium and chlorine then undergo further reactions to produce caustic soda and chlorine. The membrane cell process produces high quality caustic soda without contamination from salt, and operates at low voltage and energy efficiency.Phosphoric acid Industries
Phosphoric acid IndustriesSAFFI Ud Din Ahmad
油
Phosphoric acid has many industrial uses including in fertilizers, cleaning products, food processing, and more. It is produced commercially via either the thermal or wet process. The thermal process involves combusting white phosphorus to form P4O10, then hydrating it to form H3PO4. The wet process reacts phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to form H3PO4 and calcium sulfate. There are various wet process techniques including dihydrate, hemihydrate, and recrystallization methods that aim to control calcium sulfate precipitation and recover phosphoric acid.Phosphoric acid [CHEMICAL PROCESSS INDUSTRIES]
Phosphoric acid [CHEMICAL PROCESSS INDUSTRIES]KARTHIKSREEVATSAN
油
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric Acid
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
油
The document presents a detailed analysis of the manufacturing process of phosphoric acid using the wet process, highlighting its applications in food, cosmetics, and cleaning agents. Key components include a literature survey of various manufacturing methods, material and energy balances, cost estimation, and safety measures in plant design. The project concludes with a proposed plant layout and a financial analysis demonstrating the project's feasibility and profitability.Phosphoric acid by sulphuric acid
Phosphoric acid by sulphuric acidVISHAL THAKRE
油
Phosphate rock is ground and reacted with sulfuric acid in a reactor to produce phosphoric acid and a gypsum byproduct, with the phosphoric acid then concentrated through evaporation to the desired strength. The wet process using sulfuric acid is the most common method for producing fertilizer-grade phosphoric acid on an industrial scale, with the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid reacting at high temperatures and pressures to extract over 98% of the phosphoric acid. The resulting slurry of phosphoric acid and gypsum is then filtered and the phosphoric acid concentrated through evaporation for use or further processing.Methanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis ChemistryGerard B. Hawkins
油
This document discusses methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. It provides details on the key synthesis reaction, kinetics, equilibrium, catalyst activity, byproducts and side reactions. The maximum rate of the methanol reaction is defined and diagrams show how operating conditions can be optimized to follow the maximum rate line for minimum catalyst volume. Potential byproducts like ethanol, ketones, and hydrocarbons are also summarized.How to use TSP fertilizer manufacturing
How to use TSP fertilizer manufacturing Proshantaroy5
油
The presentation by Proshanta Roy covers the topic of Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), detailing its composition, manufacturing process, advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects. TSP, a water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, is essential for enhancing root growth and crop yields, though it faces challenges like short reaction times and storage issues. The future of TSP includes developing higher analysis fertilizers to support agriculture in developing countries.Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium HydroxideVISHAL THAKRE
油
Sodium hydroxide is produced commercially through the electrolysis of brine using diaphragm, mercury cathode, or membrane cells. Diaphragm cells produce a dilute sodium hydroxide solution requiring further concentration, while mercury cells produce a pure concentrated solution. Membrane cells avoid mercury usage but require very pure brine and membranes have high costs and short lifetimes. The electrolysis separates sodium ions at the cathode to form sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas at the anode.Catalytic reforming process
Catalytic reforming processIhsan Ali
油
The catalytic reforming process transforms low-octane naphtha from crude oil into high-octane gasoline blending stocks and aromatics through various chemical reactions, including dehydrogenation and isomerization. Developed in the 1940s by Vladimir Haensel, the process utilizes catalysts like platinum on aluminum support to improve octane ratings and remove impurities. Current processes are classified into semi-regenerative, cyclic regenerative, and continuous catalytic regeneration systems, with the overall aim of producing high-quality fuel for the petroleum and petrochemical industries.Leaching equipmnts
Leaching equipmntsNandy 91
油
Leaching is a solid-liquid operation where a solute diffuses from a solid into a liquid. It is used widely in industries like food processing, pharmaceuticals, and metals processing. There are two main types of leaching - unsteady state operations like heap leaching where solids are piled up, and steady state continuous operations using equipment like agitated vessels, thickeners, and continuous countercurrent decantation systems. Selection of leaching equipment depends on factors like nature of solids, solvent used, and whether a batch or continuous process is required.Reflux ratio
Reflux ratiochemicalengppt
油
This document discusses reflux ratios in distillation columns. It defines total, minimum, and optimum reflux ratios. Total reflux uses all overhead vapor as reflux, allowing calculation of minimum required plates. Minimum reflux is the maximum ratio requiring infinite plates for desired separation. Optimum reflux minimizes total costs by balancing fixed costs that decrease with higher reflux against increasing operating costs.Chlor alkali
Chlor alkaliSakilMollah1
油
The document describes the chlor-alkali process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide through the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. Key aspects include:
- Sodium chloride brine is purified through processes like precipitation to remove impurities before electrolysis.
- During electrolysis, chlorine gas is produced at the anode, sodium hydroxide at the cathode, and hydrogen as a byproduct. A membrane separates the anode and cathode compartments.
- Weak brine leaving the anode contains dissolved chlorine which is removed through processes like acidification before recycling. Sodium hydroxide product is cooled and may be concentrated.HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMUsama Pervaiz
油
Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process:
1. The heat generated by the exothermic reactions is utilized to maintain the high temperature needed for the ammonia oxidation reaction, reducing energy costs.
2. Platinum-rhodium alloy is used as the catalyst. Platinum is very expensive but using it in an alloy with less costly rhodium allows the use of less platinum, lowering material costs.petroleum refining,crackin and synthetic petrol-ppt
petroleum refining,crackin and synthetic petrol-pptKrishna Peshivadiya
油
The document discusses petroleum refining, cracking, and methods of producing synthetic petrol. It describes how crude oil is refined through separation, conversion, and treatment processes like distillation. Cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules through thermal or catalytic cracking. Synthetic petrol can be produced via polymerization, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from syngas, or Bergius process where coal is hydrogenated over a catalyst into liquid fuels.Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe processGaurav Soni
油
The document provides information about the various sections of an ammonia plant, including the desulfurization, reforming, shift, CO2 removal, methanation, and ammonia synthesis sections. It details the processes that occur in each section, including catalysts used and operating parameters. The goal is to produce 99.73% pure ammonia from natural gas feedstock using a high-pressure synthesis process.CATALYTIC REFORMING
CATALYTIC REFORMINGtranslateds
油
This document discusses catalytic reforming and hydrocracking processes. It provides details on:
- Catalytic reforming converts low octane naphtha into high octane reformates through reactions like dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization.
- Hydrocracking breaks down heavier hydrocarbon molecules into simpler molecules like gasoline and kerosene using hydrogen and catalysts at high pressures.
- Both processes upgrade petroleum fractions through chemical reactions like cracking, isomerization and hydrogenation to produce more valuable products like gasoline and jet fuel.Leaching
LeachingAbhijit Panchmatiya
油
The document discusses various methods of leaching, which is the process of extracting soluble constituents from a solid material using a liquid solvent. It describes several common leaching techniques used in industries like food processing, pharmaceuticals, and metals extraction. These include counter-current leaching systems that improve extraction efficiency, as well as equipment used for leaching like agitated vessels, thickeners, extractors, and the Kennedy and Bollman extractors.Ammonia plant GSFC by Vishal Tapiawala
Ammonia plant GSFC by Vishal TapiawalaVishal Tapiawala
油
The document outlines the industrial training at the Ammonia IV Plant of GSFC Ltd, detailing its capacity of 1370 mtpd, operating processes, and safety measures. It includes sections on desulphurization, reforming, and ammonia synthesis, alongside specific operational parameters and past incidents. Additionally, it provides a summary of production statistics, costs, and workforce management involved in the ammonia production process.Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Asim Farooq
油
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulphateVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document describes different methods for manufacturing ammonium sulfate, an important nitrogenous fertilizer containing 21% nitrogen, including using flue gases from coal burning and smelting, as a byproduct from caprolactam production, through direct neutralization of ammonia and sulfuric acid, and via a gypsum process involving ammonia, carbon dioxide, and gypsum. Key steps for the gypsum process involve forming ammonium carbonate from ammonia and carbon dioxide then reacting it with gypsum to precipitate calcium carbonate and produce ammonium sulfate solution which is concentrated and dried into crystals.More from VISHAL THAKRE (18)
FAQ on chemical Reaction Engineering
FAQ on chemical Reaction EngineeringVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document contains a FAQ on chemical reaction engineering. It provides answers to 19 questions covering topics such as the rate of reaction, types of reactors, orders of reaction, catalysts, feasibility of reactions based on Gibbs free energy, and models used to represent flow in reactors. Key differences between CSTR and PFR reactors are also summarized.FAQ on Process Calculation
FAQ on Process CalculationVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in process calculation:
- Gram mole is the ratio of substance weight in grams to its molecular weight. Normality is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
- A stoichiometric equation shows theoretical moles of reactants and products. The limiting reactant is the first to be used up. Excess reactant remains after the reaction.
- Conversion is reacted reactant over initial reactant. Yield is product from desired reaction over total reacted. Selectivity is desired over undesired product.
- Recycle and bypassPulp making
Pulp makingVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document discusses different methods of pulp making including mechanical, chemical, and semi-chemical processes. It describes the chemical pulping process which involves debarking logs, chipping the wood, cooking the chips in a digester tower under high temperature and pressure to dissolve lignin, and separating the brown pulp from residual black liquor through filtering and screening. The brown pulp can then be sent to further processing or bleaching.Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric AcidVISHAL THAKRE
油
Sulfuric acid is a colorless to slightly yellow, highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is soluble in water at all concentrations. It is one of the most important industrial chemicals, with 60% used in fertilizer manufacture. It is primarily manufactured via the contact process, which involves burning sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide, catalytically oxidizing the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, and hydrating the sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid. The contact process allows for high yields of sulfuric acid production.Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonateVISHAL THAKRE
油
Sodium bicarbonate is produced through the reaction of sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water. The process involves saturating a solution of soda ash in a carbonating tower where compressed carbon dioxide is admitted counter-currently from the bottom. The temperature is maintained at 40属C to form a bicarbonate suspension, which is then filtered, washed, centrifuged, and dried to produce high purity sodium bicarbonate.Paper making
Paper makingVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document discusses the process of paper manufacturing, including preparing pulp from raw materials, forming a wet sheet using a Fourdrinier machine, and drying the sheet through a series of rolls and cylinders to produce a finished paper product containing 5-6% water that can be wound, cut, coated and packaged. Fillers, sizing, and coloring agents may be added to the pulp slurry before forming the sheet to modify the properties of the finished paper. Water is removed at various stages of the process and recycled.Nitric acid by oxidation process
Nitric acid by oxidation processVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document summarizes the nitric acid by oxidation process. The process involves:
a) Catalytic oxidation of ammonia with oxygen over platinum catalyst to produce nitrogen monoxide.
b) Oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide which is then absorbed in water to produce nitric acid.
c) Concentration of the nitric acid product to 57-60% strength through a series of absorption towers.Nitric acid by arc process
Nitric acid by arc processVISHAL THAKRE
油
Nitric acid is a strong, corrosive mineral acid that is colorless, though older samples appear yellowish. It is produced commercially at 68% concentration through three main methods, including the arc process. The arc process involves passing air through an electric arc chamber where nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures to form nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed to produce nitric acid.Urea
UreaVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document summarizes the manufacturing process of urea. Urea is made through two reactions: first ammonium carbonate is formed from carbon dioxide and ammonia under high pressure and heat. Then, the ammonium carbonate decomposes to form urea and water. The reactions take place in an exchanger-reactor at high pressure and temperature. The urea product is purified, cooled, and dried before bagging and shipping.Triple super phosphate
Triple super phosphateVISHAL THAKRE
油
Triple superphosphate (TSP) is a concentrated fertilizer containing 45-50% water-soluble monocalcium phosphate. It is manufactured by adding phosphoric acid to rock phosphate in a granulator, where the reaction and granulation take place rapidly within 10-30 minutes to produce TSP. The product is then cooled, screened, and stored for shipping, providing a highly soluble and concentrated source of phosphorus for plants.Superphosphate
SuperphosphateVISHAL THAKRE
油
Single superphosphate (SSP) is a commercially important fertilizer produced by thoroughly mixing finely ground phosphate rock with concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction produces calcium dihydrogen phosphate (CaH4(PO4)2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), water (H2O), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4). The quality of the SSP product depends on the grade of phosphate rock used. Finely grinding the rock increases the reaction rate and allows for use of less sulfuric acid. The fresh mixture is then cured for one hour before being cut into thin slices for use as fertilizer.Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium phosphateVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document discusses the production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. It describes that monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is produced with an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of 0.6, yielding a product with 11-12% nitrogen. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is produced with a ratio of 1.4, containing 16-18% nitrogen. The process involves neutralizing phosphoric acid with ammonia in continuous reactors, then granulating and drying the slurry to produce the final fertilizer products.Ammonia
AmmoniaVISHAL THAKRE
油
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell that is produced through the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen over an iron catalyst. The document outlines the raw materials, reaction, and process for manufacturing ammonia on an industrial scale. Hydrogen and nitrogen are passed over an iron catalyst promoted with oxides of aluminum, zirconium, or silicon at high pressures and 500-550属C to produce ammonia, which is then condensed and collected.Introduction of polymer
Introduction of polymerVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document provides an introduction to polymers including definitions and classifications. It discusses that polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Polymerization is the process of forming polymers from monomers. Polymers can be classified based on their response to heat, type of polymerization reaction, chemical structure, and physical structure. The key properties of polymers like strength, plasticity, chemical resistance, physical state, glass transition temperature, and mechanical properties are also summarized. Finally, some major polymer-based industries like plastics, rubber, fibers, and coatings are listed.Excel error
Excel errorVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document discusses common Excel error messages including #DIV/0!, #NAME?, #N/A, #NULL!, #NUM!, #REF!, #VALUE!, and #####. It provides examples of how each error can occur and steps to resolve them such as checking for invalid cell references, non-numeric arguments, missing values, or adjusting column widths. Common causes include formulas with division by zero, misspelled function or range names, text in formulas, unavailable values, invalid numbers, deleted cells, mismatched argument types, and small column widths.Fiber
FiberVISHAL THAKRE
油
Here are the main fiber spinning methods with sketches:
1. Cotton spinning:
- Raw cotton fibers are cleaned, opened, and blended.
- The blended fibers are drawn out and twisted to form a yarn using a spinning wheel or spinning frame.
2. Wool spinning:
- Raw wool fibers are cleaned, carded to align the fibers, and spun into a loose rope-like strand called sliver.
- The sliver is drawn out and twisted on a spinning wheel or frame to make yarn.
3. Silk spinning:
- Raw silk fibers from cocoons are reeled into a continuous filament using a silk reeling machine.
- The filament is wound ontoUses of polymer
Uses of polymerVISHAL THAKRE
油
This document discusses various polymers and their common uses. It lists polymers like polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, urea formaldehyde resin, and polyester. It provides examples of how each polymer is used to manufacture items like fish nets, ropes, bottles, chairs, tables, tubes, cables, pipes, tires, shoe soles, gloves, tanks, films and more. The document appears to be focusing on the different applications and end products that various polymers can be utilized to produce.FAQ's heat transfer
FAQ's heat transferVISHAL THAKRE
油
The document contains answers to frequently asked questions about heat transfer, listing the three main modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. It also provides explanations of key heat transfer terms and concepts such as baffles in shell and tube heat exchangers, factors that influence heat transfer rates, and equations that describe heat transfer mechanisms like Fourier's law of heat conduction.Ad
Recently uploaded (20)
Complete University of Calculus :: 2nd edition
Complete University of Calculus :: 2nd editionShabista Imam
油
Master the language of change with the Complete Guidance Book of Calculusyour comprehensive resource for understanding the core concepts and applications of differential and integral calculus. Designed for high school, college, and self-study learners, this book takes a clear, intuitive approach to a subject often considered challenging.International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT)
International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT)ijait
油
International journal of advanced Information technology (IJAIT) is a bi monthly open access peer-
reviewed journal, will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches,
developments, and research projects in the area advanced information technology applications and
services. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry
professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of advanced IT. Core areas of
advanced IT and multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.Cadastral Maps
Cadastral MapsGoogle
油
Preparation of cadastral maps based by Engineer Dungo Tizazu from Dire Dawa University (Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment/Delivery) is a fundamental ...
(Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment/Delivery) is a fundamental ...ketan09101
油
(Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment/Delivery) is a fundamental practice in DevOps that streamlines software development and deployment.Modern multi-proposer consensus implementations
Modern multi-proposer consensus implementationsFran巽ois Garillot
油
Multi-proposer consensus protocols let multiple validators propose blocks in parallel, breaking the single-leader throughput bottleneck of classic designs. Yet the modern multi-proposer consensus implementation has grown a lot since HotStuff. THisworkshop will explore the implementation details of recent advances DAG-based approaches like Narwhal and Suis Mysticeti and reveal how implementation details translate to real-world performance gains. We focus on the nitty-gritty: how network communication patterns and data handling affect throughput and latency. New techniques such as Turbine-like block propagation (inspired by Solanas erasure-coded broadcast) and lazy push gossip broadcasting dramatically cut communication overhead. These optimizations arent just theoretical they enable modern blockchains to process over 100,000 transactions per second with finality in mere milliseconds redefining what is possible in decentralized systems.
Fatality due to Falls at Working at Height
Fatality due to Falls at Working at Heightssuserb8994f
油
It is related to fatality due to falls at working at heightRapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to PrototypingMark Billinghurst
油
Lecture 1 of a course on Rapid Prototyping for XR taught by Mark Billinghurst at Oulu University on June 9th, 2025. This lecture presents an Introduction to Prototyping. Deep Learning for Image Processing on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptx
Deep Learning for Image Processing on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptxresming1
油
This covers how image processing or the field of computer vision has advanced with the advent of neural network architectures ranging from LeNet to Vision transformers. It covers how deep neural network architectures have developed step-by-step from the popular CNNs to ViTs. CNNs and its variants along with their features are described. Vision transformers are introduced and compared with CNNs. It also shows how an image is processed to be given as input to the vision transformer. It give the applications of computer vision.Learning Types of Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised UNI...
Learning Types of Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised UNI...23Q95A6706
油
Learning Types of Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning- semi supervised learning - The Brain and the Neuron Design a Learning System Perspectives and Issues in Machine Learning Concept Learning Task Concept Learning as Search Finding a Maximally Specific Hypothesis Version Spaces and the Candidate Elimination Algorithm
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 5 - Cross Platform Development
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 5 - Cross Platform DevelopmentMark Billinghurst
油
This is lecture 5 in the course about Rapid Prototyping for XR, taught by Mark Billinghurst. This lecture is about Cross Platform Development.Machine Learning - Classification Algorithms
Machine Learning - Classification Algorithmsresming1
油
This covers traditional machine learning algorithms for classification. It includes Support vector machines, decision trees, Naive Bayes classifier , neural networks, etc.
It also discusses about model evaluation and selection. It discusses ID3 and C4.5 algorithms. It also describes k-nearest neighbor classifer.Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 3 - Video and Paper Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 3 - Video and Paper PrototypingMark Billinghurst
油
This is lecture 3 in the course on Rapid Prototyping for XR, taught by Mark Billinghurst on June 10th 2025. This lecture is about Video and Paper prototyping.Ad
Phosphoric acid by HCl
- 1. PHOSPHORIC ACID BY HCL Prepared by- Mr. Vishal B. Thakare (M.Tech, Chemical SVNIT Surat) Assistant Professor PARUL UNIVERSITY Vadodara vishalbt88@gmail.com
- 2. PHOSPHORIC ACID Wet Process by HCL Raw Material Phosphate rock of high P2O5 content(>30%),Hydrochloric acid Organic C4 and C5 alcohol solvent (Butanol or amyl alcohol) to extract H3PO4 from CaCl2 solution. Reaction Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HCl + 6H2O 2H3PO4 + 3CaCl2 Side Reactions CaF2 + 2HCl 2HF + CaCl2 6HF + SiO2 H2SiF6 + 2 H2O
- 4. Phosphate rock is ground top pass a 20 mesh screen and fed into a dissolver where an acid stream of conc. HCl plus make-up wash water from the counter-current decantation system is added. Fumes of CO2, HF and HCl are scrubbed for acid recovery. The mixture is fed to a series of decantation units with overflow from the first settler moving to the counter-current solvent extraction operations. The solids underflow goes to 2-3 washing thickeners. Extraction of H3PO4 plus some free HCl is done in a battery of mixer-settlers (a) with CaC12 + CaF2 retained in aqueous phase. The extract is again passed through several more mixer-settlers (b) for removal of trace impurities of Ca++ which are co-extracted.
- 5. In extractors (c) water extracts H3PO4 and HCl from solvent phase. The wash solvent from mixer settler (d) is passed to solvent recovery column and again recycled for extraction. The aqueous acid raffinate from (c) is separated and concentrated in a triple effect evaporator to give three different overhead streams. a) Weak HCl b) Conc. HCl c) Phosphoric acid.