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Photography
- 2. * Photography is the science, art and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. * Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure.with an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in digital image file for subsequent display or processing.
- 3. * The result with photographic emulsion is an invisiblel latent image, which is later chemically developed into a visible image, either negative or positive depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. * A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, knows as print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing
- 4. * Photography is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g.,photolithography) and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication. Invention of photography * Around the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of light-sensitive substance. * He used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate.
- 5. * Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight,and even made shadow-copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that the images formed by means of camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver. The shadow images eventually darkened all over. * The first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by French inventor Nicephore Niepce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it.
- 6. * Niepce was successful again in 1825. * In 1826 or 1827, he made the view from the window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. * Because Niepces camera photographs required an extremely long exposure he sought to greatly improve hisbitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. * In partnership with Louis Daguerre, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light sensitive resin,but hours of exposure in the camera were still required
- 7. * With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy. * Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. * Although the convenience of film greatly popularized amateur photography,early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers,so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old.
- 8. * because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as astrophotography, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser holography it has persisted into the 2010s. Film photography * Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876. * Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised.
- 9. * The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by George Eastman in 1885, but this original film was actually a coating on a paper base. * As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. * The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. * It was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose (celluloid), now usually called nitrate film.
- 10. * Although cellulose acetate or safety film had been introduced by Kodak in 1908,at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. * The changeover was not completed for X-ray films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951.
- 11. * Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century, when advance in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. * Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. * The distinctively look of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including: * 1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (s- shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs.linear response curve for digital CCD sensors) (2) resolution and 3) continuity of tone
- 12. Digital photography * In 1981, sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: The Sony Mavica. * While the Mavica saved image to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. * In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital single lens reflex camera. * Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography commercial digital photography was born.
- 13. * Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. * An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists photo manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. *This difference allows for a degree of image post- processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications.
- 14. * Digital photography dominates the 21st century. * More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones. Camera * A camera is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location,or both. * The images may be individual still photographs or sequences of images constituting videos or movies.
- 15. * The camera is a remote sensing device as it sense subjects without physical contact. * The world camera comes from camera obscura, which means dark chamber and is the Lain name of the original device for projecting an image of external reality onto a flat surface. * The modern photographic camera evolved from the camera obscura. * The functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human eye. Functional description Basic elements of a modern still camera * A camera may work with the light of the visible
- 16. * Spectrum or with other portions of theelectromagnetic spectrum. * A still camera is an optical device which creates a single image of an object or scene, and records it on electronic sensor or photographic film. * All cameras use the same basic design: light enters an enclosed box through a converging lens/convex lens and an image is recorded on a light-sensitive medium (mainly a transition metal-hallide). * A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light can enter the camera.
- 17. * Most photographic cameras have functions that allow a person to view the scene to be recorded, allow for a desired part of the scene to be in focus, and to control the exposure so that it is not too bright or too dim. * A display, often a liquid crystal display (LCD), permits the user to view scene to be recorded and setting such as ISO speed, exposure, and shutter speed. * A movie camera or a video camera operates similarly to a still camera, except it records a series of static images in rapid succession commonly at a rate of 24 frames per second.
- 18. * When the images are combined displayed in order, the illusion of motion is achieved. * Thanks to the help of modern science, A group of photo scientists of MIT has successfully created a camera having frame rate of 1 trillion per second, able to see the light emerging and reflecting or refracting on a opaque or translucent media.