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Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

ENGLISH
A GERMANIC LANGUAGE

English is a West Germanic language related to Dutch,
Frisian and German with a significant amount of
vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek and many other
languages.


EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH

English evolved from the Germanic languages brought
to Britain by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other
Germanic tribes, which are known collectively as
Anglo-Saxon.


ENGLISH PERIODS

 Old English

 Middle English

 Early Modern English

Modern English


OLD ENGLISH

The invaders' Germanic language displaced the
indigenous Brythonic languages of what became
England. The original Celtic languages remained in
Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Old English began to
appear in writing during the early 8th century AD.


MIDDLE ENGLISH

For about 300 years following the Norman
Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their
high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl
called Anglo-Norman.


EARLY MODERN ENGLISH

Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift,
which took place mainly during the 15th century. English
was further transformed by thespread of a standardized
London-based dialect in government and administration
and by the standardizing effect of printing.

The Great Vowel Shift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels
of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted
upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the
mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth.
The change was not overnight; the GVS happened in eight steps.
http://facweb.furman.edu/~mmenzer/gvs/what.htm


LOANWORDS

Latin: cheese, kitchen, pepper, butter

Greek: drama, metaphor, dilemma, cycle
Celtic: slogan, whiskey

Scandinavian: sky, scrub, skin, skill, skirt, score

Spanish & Portuguese: cargo, negro, palmetto,
cocoa, potato, tomato, margarita, siesta

Italian: concerto, forte, crescendo, piano,
incognito, mafioso, casino, macaroni, spaghetti,
cartoon, replica Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

LOANWORDS (continued)

French: prince, Duke, lieutenant, captain, army,
soldier, letter, literature, music, male, fruit, question,
étiquette, fiance’(e), liaison, laissez faire, savoir vivre,
répertoire, vignette, tête-a-tête, coup d’état, police

German: split, yacht, cookie, cranberry, hamburger

Eastern Sources:
amber, zenith, harem, caliber, carat, henna, jinn,
giraffe, magazine, kohl, algebra,
musk, taffeta, tiger, ginger, bamboo, geisha
Other Sources: banana, voodoo, coffee, vodka


WHO SPEAKS ENGLISH?

Approximately 341 million people speak English as a
native anguage and a further 267 million speak it as a
second anguage in over 104 countries including the
UK,
Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua
and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada,
Cayman Islands, Cook Islands and Denmark.

PHONETICS
THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE

How do humans produce different sounds?
(Oral Cavity)

Kinds of English Sounds
(Table of English Sounds)


Oral
Cavity


ENGLISH SOUNDS

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

LABIAL DENTAL PALATOVELAR

Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Aleveolar Aleveolopalatal Palatal Velar

voiceless p t
Stops
voiced b d

voiceless f ө (thigh) s š (shun)
Fricates
voiced v ð (thy) z ž (vision)

voiceless č (chum)
Affricate
s voiced ĵ (gem)

Nasals m n ŋ (sing)

lateral l

liquids: retroflex r

Semivo
w
el
s y w


Schwa

[ə]

[euh] sound or Arabic “hamza”


Spelling vs. [Pronunciation]

Psychology (ps--) [saykolədjy]
Pneumonia (pn--) [nəmonia]
Climbing, comb, lamb, bomb (--mb)  [klayming], [kom], [lèm], [bám]
Calm, Palm (--l m) [kám] , [pám]
Folk , Folktale (-- l k)  [fok] , [fokteyl]
Vegetable [ve dj təbl]
Comfortable [kámftəbl]
Government (nm) [gavərmənt]
Suggest, Suggestion
I [sag djəst], [sagdjəstshən]
People, Apple [pypəl], [ápəl]
Sensual , Sensuality [sənshəwəl] , [sənshəwality]
Nation, Nationality [neyshən], [nashənality]
Social , Beautiful [soshəl] , [byurəfəl]
Original but Originally [oridjinəl] but [oridjənly]
Actually [aktshəly]
Say but Says [sey] but [sèz]


Spelling vs. [Pronunciation] (continued)

• Determine but Mine [ditərmən] but [mayn]
• Examine→ [əgzámin]
• Seduce but Seduction [sidýous] but [sidakshən]
• Appreciate [aprishiyeyt]
• Result, Adult → [rizált] , [ədált]
• World, Work, Word, War [wərld], [wərk], [wərd], [wor]
• July, Major [djoulay] , [meydjər]
• Children, Church [tshildrən], [tshərtsh]
• Pleasure , Pleasurable bur Leisure [plejər] , [plejrəbl] / [lyjər]
• Write/Written, Hide/Hidden  [rayt] / [ritən] , [hayd] /[hidən]
• Teacher [tytshər]
• Doctor, Dollars [daktər] , [dálərz]
• Cat, Cup, Color: (c)  [k] [Kat] , [Kap] , [kalər]
• Circus, Ceremony: (c)  [s] [sərkəs] , [sərəmony]
• Gallery, Go, Gut: (g)  [g] [galəry] , [go] , [gat]
• Giraffe, Generous: (g)  [dj] [djiraf] , [djənərəs]


(continued)
• The + any letter EXCEPT (a/e/i/o/u) →[o‫ ]ﺫ‬never [za]
• Although , Thunder, Thumb→ [ol‫ ﺫ‬o] , [thándər] , [thám]
• Thank You [thánk] Never [sank] You
• The +a pple/ e lephant/ i sland/ o range/ u mbrella→ [‫ ] ﺫﻱ‬never [o‫ ]ﺫ‬nor [zi]
• The + eu ropean, u nited the+[you] (as 1st sound) [o‫ ]ﺫ‬NOT [za]
• Use the [yous] but I/you [youz]
• Process but processes → [prósəs] but [prosəsyz]
• Woman but women → [woumən] but [wymin]
• Police , Policeman [polys] .[polysmən]
• Symptom→ (--m p) [simtəm]
• Wanted / Added / Promised / Grinned
[wantid] , [ádid] , [promist] , [grind]
• Battles, Flags / Groups, Mats Kisses, Churches,—>
[bátəlz] , [flágz] / [groups] , [máts] / [kisəz] , [tshərtshəz]


VOICED & VOICELESS
SOUNDS
Past Tense of Regular Verbs
(-ed)  [- id] , [-t] , or [-d] ?
[-t] & [-d] + [-id] / Vd + [-d] / vl + [-t]
Created , Needed / Proved / Fixed

Plural Form of Nouns
(-s)  [-z] or [-s] or [-əz] ?
vd + [-z] / vl + [-s] / -ch, -sh, -ss, -x + [ -əz]
Boys, girls / cats, lin ks / classes, foxes


IMPORTANCE OF PHONETICS

Spelling  Writing

Pronunciation  Speaking


INTONATION

Stress (eg. Su’bject,/ to subje’ct, pro’ject / to proje’ct,
orga’nic adu’lt)

Question OR Statement? (Rising OR Falling Tone?)
(You are coming with us tonight)

Breathing Affects Meaning

Stop at Each End Mark (.) (!) (?)


INTONATION MAKES MEANING

1. Old men and women will be served first.

2. The lamb is too hot to eat.

3. They are moving sidewalks.

4. Mary left directions for Jack to follow.

5. Kissing girls is what John likes best.

6. John loves Richard more than Mary.

7. Women without men are nothing.

FLUENCY VS. ACCURACY

LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY

Productive Skills

WRITING Spelling, Fluency, Accuracy

SPEAKING Pronunciation, Fluency, Accuracy


POOR PRONUNCIATION
1. Za boy playid foutbal wiz hiz brazar hwen hi tripd
and fel on za flar. Hiz bryzing waz nyzar natshural nor
kalm. Hiz sistar cold he’r mazar to fone za polis. Hiz
frendz gazer around him bicoz zey ke’r.

2.za ge’rl waz kambing zi he’r of he’r dol and zan shi ryd
a folekteyl.

3. Many pypol want to ripe’r ze’r carz and cut ze’r he’r.
4. Its not fe’r not to ke’r.

5. Jon iz nown to be a spashal and fortshunayt pe’rsOn.
Actshuwaly, hi haz byn vary orijinal in dyling wiz
wiman and shildran.

PHONETICS ONLINE

• The Sounds of Language
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/

• Studying Phonetics on the Net
http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/PhonResources/

• Cambridge English Online (British Council)
http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/

When There Is a Will,

You Already Know the Way


�ݺ�ߣ

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