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Period .
We use period at the end of a sentence. There is no space between
the last letter and the period. Use one space between the period and
the first letter of the next sentence.
I told him what you said yesterday.
We use period at the end of a command:
Leave the building immediately.
We use a period at the end of an indirect question:
The teacher asked me to do the exercises.
We use a period with abbreviations:
Dr. John arrived Washington, D.C., at 6 p.m.

Comma ,
We use a comma to separate the elements in a series.
He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base.
We use a comma+ a little conjunction(and,for,nor,but,or,yet,so) to
connect two independent clauses:
He was sick, but he went to school.
We use a comma to avoid confusion:
For most the year is already finished. (little confused)
For most, the year is already finished.

Comma ,
Typographical reasons:
Between a city and a state [Sana’a, Yemen], a date and the year [March 24,1992],
a name and a title [Helen Jimson, professor of English], in long numbers [1,456], etc.
But without the date itself, however, the comma disappears:
March 1992 was my birthday.
In international or military format, no commas are used:
The declaration of Independence was signed on 4 July 1776.
In a tag question:
You went to the party, didn’t you?

Comma ,
To set off introductory elements:
Running toward third base, he suddenly realized how stupid he looked.
To set off parenthetical elements which mean a part of a sentence that can
be removed without changing the essential meaning, is sometimes called
“added information”.
The founders Bridge, which is in Britain, is falling down.
When both a city’s name and that city’s state or country’s name are
mentioned together:
Paris, France, is sometimes called “The city of light”.

Comma ,
Use a comma to set off quoted elements:
Summing up this argument, Peter writes, ” The purpose and strength of the
romantic …”
Use a comma to set off phrases that express contrast:
Some say the world will end in ice, not fire.
The puppies were cute, but very messy.

Question mark ?
At the end of a direct question:
Where have you been?
With a tag question:
He should quit smoking, shouldn’t he?

Exclamation point !
Use it at the end of an empatic declaration, interjection, or
command.
“No!” he yelled.” Do it now!”
It can be used to close questions that are meant to convey extreme
emotion, as in
What on earth are you doing! Stop!
It can be accompany mimetically produced sounds, as in :
The bear went Grr! and I went left.
With titles:
My favorite book is Oh, the Places You’ll Go!

Colon :
We use colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a
clause that can stand by itself
There is one thing left to do now: Confess while you still have time.
YALI contains of that buildings: A, B, C, and D.
To separate an independent clause from a quotation :
I always use my favorite quotation from Helen Keller: “Life is an adventure, or
nothing at all.”
No colon after “include”
Her recipe for Shafoot included garlic, salt, mint, and parsley.

Colon :
No colon after “were”
Her favorite breakfast cereals were Rice, Cheerios, and Wheaties.
No colon after “was”
Her usual advice, I remember, was “Live your life as if you act in a short film.”
Use colon after explanatory statement
There were four reasons for cancer: First, …
Use colon after a salutation in a business latter
Dear Khadijah:

Semicolon ;
To help sort out a monster list
We had four professor on our committee: Peter John, professor of
Mathematics; Roland Pin, professor of English; John Green, professor of
Education; and Nada light, professor of Nursing.
To separate closely related independent clause
My grandmother seldom goes to bed this early; she afraid she’ll miss out on
something.
Use it instead of “Because” word
I phoned her; I wanted to make sure she is well.

Hyphen -
Use hyphen for Creating compound words
My six-year-old son, the out-of-date curriculum, the well-known actor
Writing numbers
Twenty-two, Ninety-nine
Adding certain prefixes to words
Non-English, A-frame, ex-husband, self-control, all-inclusive
When the prefixes ends with the same letter that begins the word De-emphasize
,but not always unnatural, coordinate, cooperate

Dash
To set off super-commas to set off parenthetical elements,
especially when these elements contain internal forms of punctuation
All for of them — Bob, John, James, and Beter — did well in placement.
In writing dialogue, the dash used to show breaks in thoughts
“How many times have I asked you not to — “ James suddenly stop talking.
Between dates, times, and numbers
1902-2003, 10:30-5:50 p.m., 13-C
To show that someone’s name or a word has been omitted
Professor — and — were suspended without pay for their refusal to grade
papers.

Apostrophe ‘
Use (‘s)to show that one person/thing owns or is a member of
something
Amy’s ballet class, Lisa’s car, Ross’s room, John’s sports team
Use apostrophe after the S at the end of plural nouns to show
possession
The parents’ bedroom, the Joneses’ house.
If a plural noun doesn’t end in S add an S to create the possessive
form
The children’s room
When you combine two words to make a contraction
They’ve (They have), we’ll (we will), aren’t (are not)

Ellipses …
When omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a
quoted passage
Full quotation: “Today, after hours of careful thoughts, we decided to sell the
house.”
With ellipses: “Today … we decided to sell the house.”
Many writers use an ellipsis whether the omission occurs at the
beginning of a sentence, in the middle of a sentence, or between
sentences
A common way to delete the beginning of a sentence is to follow the
opening quotation mark with an ellipsis, plus a bracketed capital
letter
“ … [A]fter hours of carful thoughts, we decided to sell the house.”

Ellipses …
Ellipses can express hesitation, changes of mood, suspense, or
thoughts trailing off. Writers also use ellipses to indicate a pause or
wavering in an otherwise straight forward sentence
I don’t know … I’m not sure.
Pride is one thing, but what happens of she … ?
He said, “I … really don’t … understand this.”

Parentheses ( )
Use parentheses to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an
aside. We also use them with less important information.
He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not
understand the question.
He gave me a nice bonus ($500).
Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the
parentheses.
Please read the analysis(You'll be amazed.)
Parentheses, despite appearances, are not part of the subject.
Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome.
Joe (accompanied by his trusty mutt) was always welcome.

Parentheses ( )
Commas are more likely to follow parentheses than precede them.
Incorrect: When he got home, (it was already dark outside) he fixed dinner.
Correct: When he got home (it was already dark outside), he fixed dinner.

Brackets [ ]
Brackets are far less common than parentheses, and they are only used
in special cases. Brackets (like single quotation marks) are used
exclusively within quoted material.
Brackets are interruptions. When we see them, we know they've been
added by someone else. They are used to explain or comment on the
quotation.
Examples:
"Four score and seven [today we'd say eighty-seven] years ago..."
"Bill shook hands with [his son] Demon.
When quoting something that has a spelling or grammar mistake or
presents material in a confusing way, insert the term sic in italics and
enclose it in nonitalic (unless the surrounding text is italic) brackets.
Examples:
She wrote, "I would rather die then [sic] be seen wearing the same outfit as my
sister."

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