RAAS By Mohammed Zamir Mirza .pptx
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The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It is comprised of three main hormones: renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. The RAAS is primarily regulated by the rate of renal blood flow. It promotes oxidative stress in the brain, activating the RAAS and increasing sympathetic output, which can lead to hypertension when angiotensin II and aldosterone from the periphery act on the brain.
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The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It consists mainly of the hormones renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Renin is released by the kidneys and cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme then converts angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure. Blocking this system is important for treating hypertension and other cardiovascularBlood Pressure and its Regulation
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Blood pressure is the multiply of cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac output is the multi[ply of heart rate and stroke volume.
Normal heart rate in humans is 72 beats/min.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by heart during one beat.
Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
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Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. During hypotensive
conditions, the cardiac output decreases, and fails to supply all the body organs. Nervous system
with pituitary gland is going to release hormones to stimulate the activity of homeostasis by
kidneys
If the blood pressure of vascular system falls below the normal levels, a hormone called
erythropoietin (EPO) is released from the endocrine cells (endocrine system) of the kidney and
renin is released from the juxtra glomerular apparatus of the kidney. The activation of renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) causes the secretion of aldosterone and anti diuretic hormone (ADH),
which together causes increased thirst and fluid intake that in turn causes increase in blood
volume and pressure via high absorption rate of fluids in the digestive tract (digestive system).
Activation of RAS also causes increased red cell production that contributes for increasing the
blood volume.
Angiostensin converting enzyme is going to convert angiotentin I into angiotensin II & this is
going to stimulate aldosterone to increase blood volume by increasing renal tubular reabsorption.
If teh respiratory system is unable to eliminate higher bicarbonate through the CO2 may lead to
high blood acidity with low pH after sever muscular activity then homeostasis is attained due to
high conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II result in eliminating of high bicarbonate
through renal system
Aldosterone specifically increases sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules and
eliminates potassium finally increases venous return to improve blood pressure. Therefore,
aldosterone is main manager of renal sodium ion concentration.
Erythropoietin released -----> renin released --------> increased red blood cell production ------->
aldosterone secreted from adrenal cortex due to activation of adrenal receptors---> vesicular
release of hormonal protein---> vesicular release--> K+ eliminates & sodium input takes place --
---------> ADH secreted -----------> Increased fluid intake and retention ---------> rising blood
pressure
Synthesis of hormone ---> storage of hormone in membrane vesicles --> vesicular release of
hormone --> hormone circulation through blood stream ---> diffusion across target cell plasma
membrane --> binding of hormone to receptor (because aldosretone is a steroidal
mieralocorticoid acts on nuclear receptors of cells in the distal tubule and the collecting duct\'s
principal cells in neuron) ---> receptor activation ---> target cell response to hormone
Explanation:
Considerable rise in peripheral resistance followed by activation of vasoconstriction finally result
in increase in blood pressure.
The posterior pituitary: It is composed of predominantly neuronal projections associated with
axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These projections are extending from posterior
pituitary into hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and these neuronal cells secrete
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RRB ALP CBT 2 Mechanic Motor Vehicle Question Paper. MMV MCQ PDF Free Download for Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Exam.Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptx
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptxSamruddhi Khonde
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Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, playing a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. Among them, Beta-Lactam antibiotics remain the most widely used class due to their effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This guide provides a detailed overview of their history, classification, chemical structures, mode of action, resistance mechanisms, SAR, and clinical applications.
What Youll Learn in This Presentation
History & Evolution of Antibiotics
Cell Wall Structure of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Classification & Subtypes
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems & Monobactams
Mode of Action (MOA) & Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors & Resistance Mechanisms
Clinical Applications & Challenges.
Why You Should Check This Out?
Essential for pharmacy, medical & life sciences students.
Provides insights into antibiotic resistance & pharmaceutical trends.
Useful for healthcare professionals & researchers in drug discovery.
Swipe through & explore the world of antibiotics today!
Like, Share & Follow for more in-depth pharma insights!
AI and Academic Writing, Short Term Course in Academic Writing and Publicatio...
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RAAS By Mohammed Zamir Mirza .pptx
- 2. RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system within the body that is essential for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance. The system is mainly comprised of the three hormones renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone. Primarily it is regulated by the rate of renal blood flow.
- 6. The RAAS promotes oxidative stress in the brain, further activating the RAAS and augmenting sympathetic outflow. Angiotensin II and aldosterone of peripheral origin act in the brain to activate this cascade, increasing sympathetic outflow and leading to hypertension. RAAS(Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) How does RAAS work in hypertension?