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Reproductive rights
- 1. Reproductive Rights Dr. Haghighatjoo 2010
- 2. Womens Health & UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Promoting gender equality & empowering women
- 6. Key questions : reproductive health Can a woman control when & with whom she has sexual relations?
- 7. Can she have sexual relations without fearing infection or unwanted pregnancy?
- 8. Can she choose whether or not to have children?
- 9. Can she go through pregnancy & childbirth safely?
- 10. Can she obtain safe contraceptives?
- 11. Can she access information on reproductive health?
- 13. State of complete physical, mental & social well-being; not just the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organization)
- 14. Reproduction:
- 15. process of generating offspring
- 16. Family planning:
- 17. program to regulate number, timing, and spacing of children in family through contraception or other birth control methods Services may include providing: education, information, contraceptives, abortions, fistula repair, maternal & infant health care, etc.
- 18. Challenges for Women Reproductive freedom is critical to women's equality
- 19. Reproductive health problems remain the leading cause of ill health & death for women of child-bearing age (ages 15-49) (UNFPA)
- 20. Poor women suffer disproportionately from: Unintended pregnancies
- 21. Maternal death & disabilities
- 22. (see example of fistulas in West Africa, H&J)
- 23. Sexually transmitted infections (HIV & more)
- 25. Family Planning as Human Rights 1968 UN Human Rights Conference
- 26. It was acknowledged that family planning is a human right
- 27. Couples should be able to freely decide how many children they want and the spacing of those children
- 28. Health & Womens Agency Good health is essential to leading a productive and fulfilling life, and the right of all women to control all aspects of their health, in particular their own fertility, is basic to empowerment. Beijing Platform for Action (1995), Paragraph 92
- 29. Foundations in Human Rights & Development Under CEDAW women are accorded basic rights related to health: Access to education & information on health & family planning
- 30. Not be discriminated against in the field of health care
- 31. Transnational Feminist Issue Womens reproductive rights are a critical transnational feminist issue
- 32. Because of the intimate relationship between womens reproductive choice and their status, power, and health
- 33. Symptoms of Womens Unequal Rights Lack of freedom to control the timing and number of their children
- 34. To make informed decisions regarding their reproductive health
- 35. Maternal Mortality Refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within forty-two days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management
- 36. Causes of Maternal Deaths Hemorrhage
- 38. Unsafe abortion
- 39. Obstructed labor
- 40. Toxemia (hypertensive disease brought on by pregnancy)
- 41. Diseases
- 42. Death Prevention Demographers estimate that about 村 of maternal death could be avoided if womens needs for family planning were met
- 43. Deaths & disabilities due to pregnancy are preventable with greater access to contraceptives, prenatal care, & birth assisted by medical personnel.
- 44. The more pregnancies a woman has, the more frequently she is subjected to risks associated with pregnancy; risk are increased by having children in close succession and by having children when one is under 16 or over 35
- 45. Important Links http:// www.unfpa.org /
- 46. Reproductive Choice Reproductive choice involves offering women a broad range of birth control methods.
- 47. Husbands, government and the global economy and international politics are players in womens reproductive choice in term of womens access to contraceptives
- 48. Contraceptives Reliable and safe contraceptives are key to womens health.
- 49. Some contraceptives have potentially serious side effects and without medical monitoring can endanger womens health.
- 50. Norplant- a hormonal contraceptive
- 51. IUD
- 52. Media Files http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ0l9yDgN-8 http://www.pamf.org/teen/sex/birthcontrol/ring.html
- 53. Some Websites Discussing FGM www.freewebs.com/fgmsociety/pictures.htm
- 57. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Female genital cutting
- 58. Refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other non-medical reasons
- 59. The most typical age is between 7 and 10 years
- 60. 130 million girls & women have undergone FGM
- 61. Health Consequences of FGM Short-term medical consequences: Pain, severe bleeding & infection, some deaths The long-term consequences: Difficulty urinating, menstruating, having sex, & giving birth
- 62. Prolonged labor
- 63. Inadequate drainage is responsible for tears (fistulae) in the tissue separating the vagina from the urinary tract and the bowel
- 64. Rationales for FGM It is not intended to harm girls and women
- 65. It is intended: To control female sexuality by preserving virginity before marriage and fidelity after marriage
- 66. Female external genitalia are dirty or ugly and that the practice is hygienic and beautifies a woman
- 67. An important rite of passage and initiation into womanhood
- 68. Clitoridectomy as Therapy Clitoridectomy was practiced in Western Europe and the USA in 1950s to treat ailments in women as diverse as hysteria, epilepsy, mental disorders, masturbation, nymphomania, melancholia, and lesbianism
- 69. Efforts to Eradicate FGM The UN condemns the practice and has tried to reduce it
- 70. Incompatible with numerous international covenant such as CEDAW
- 71. 20 countries have passed laws against FGM and a few people have been prosecuted
- 73. Agents Controlling Womens Reproductive Choices Male partners
- 76. Religious organizations: women socialized through religion, cultural taboos and other mechanisms to accept sexual subordination even sexual oppression.
- 77. Male control of womens reproductive choice In parts of Asia and Africa womens bodies are viewed as the property of their husbands, so they make decision of the number and spacing of the children
- 78. Wrong attitudes: Use of contraception will lead to her promiscuity
- 79. Womens enjoying sexual relations & prevention pregnancy= against sexual morality
- 80. Having many children is a sign of male virility
- 81. Manliness: Demonstrate sexual prowess by having multiple sexual partners
- 82. Sex with a virgin can cleans a man of infection Male control increased womens risk for AIDS because of extramarital sexual relations
- 83. Women are often unable to negotiate the use of a condom or discuss fidelity with their partner without threat of violence
- 84. Reproductive Information Reproductive freedom is enhanced by information.
- 85. A woman's premarital virginity is associated with the assumption that knowledge of sex indicates that she is a bad woman; so, women often lack knowledge about their bodies and how HIV is transmitted or prevented.
- 86. Government Control of Womens Reproductive Choice Through : bans against some forms of contraception & abortion
- 87. Government family planning services that provide limited birth control options
- 88. Legislative: Making sterilization illegal. Poland & Japans government banned hormonal contraceptives Politics & political administration changes affect the reproductive choices available to women- ex. Mifepristone
- 89. The policies of a country may affect the reproductive choices of women in the other countries- GGR The Bush administration withheld $34 million pledged to the UNFPA for family planning programs, claiming that supporting coercive sterilization
- 90. Global Gag Rule & U.S. Social Politics Abroad Reagan instated Mexico City Policy (1984) & Clinton reversed in 1990s
- 91. 2001: G.W. Bush reinstated the Mexico City Policy also known as the Global Gag Rule
- 92. Bars U.S. family planning assistance to foreign NGOs, who w/ own funds support abortion-related activities in own country
- 93. USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development) largest donor for all contraceptive supplies
- 94. Impacts?
- 95. questions Should a government control reproductive policies?
- 96. Governments often control womens reproduction in the name of social needs or national interests
- 97. Governments & population control? Pronatalist & antinatalist / birth rate
- 98. The Global Economy Pharmaceutical companies play a large role in the reproductive technologies available to women
- 99. They are motivated primarily by profit, not by concerns about womens reproductive choice or health
- 100. Research & development costs down
- 101. Emphasize benefits and downplay side effects and risks
- 102. ex. Depo-Provera presented incomplete information
- 103. Aggressively market contraceptives to government-run population control programs with the goal of monetary profit
- 104. Religious Organizations Religious fundamentalism is associated with the curtailing of womens reproductive rights
- 105. Favor traditional roles for women
- 106. Catholic Church is officially opposed to use of contraception: Chile, the Philippines
- 107. Catholic hospitals in USA will not perform sterilizations, abortions or emergency contraception even for rape Explanation : the will of individuals against Gods will
- 108. Abortion Approximately 50% of pregnancies are unintended, many due to poor availability and knowledge of contraception
- 109. Half of unintended pregnancies end in abortion (52 million annually)
- 110. Restricting legal abortion does not reduce the incidence of abortion
- 111. Legality does influence the safety of abortion and reduce mortality rates
- 112. Abortion & Legality or Illegality? Illegal before the second half of the twentieth century
- 113. Abortion is forbidden under any circumstances In 35 countries Abortion is permitted under special circumstances: to save the womens life and to preserve her physical health Iran, Egypt, Ireland rape or incest: Thailand, Ghana Fetal impairment panama, Liberia, Israel social or economic hardship Zambia, India
- 114. Reasons for Liberalization of Abortion Laws Illegality and restriction of abortion is human rights violations
- 115. The laws threaten womens rights to autonomy in reproductive decision making since women are forced to carry unwanted pregnancies
- 116. Threaten womens right to physical and mental health
- 117. Constitute a form of discrimination against women since they criminalize a procedure only women need
- 118. Reasons for Liberalization of Abortion Laws (continued) Womens activists do not view abortion as a form of contraception
- 119. They would prefer a dramatic reduction in the number of unwanted pregnancies
- 120. They favor of increasing the availability of contraceptives and reproductive health education
- 121. Higher abortion rates are most strongly tied to lack of contraceptive information and availability
Editor's Notes
- #3: http://www.unfpa.org/gender/resources1.htm