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Jurnal Miyang (J.Miy) : Ronggolawe Fisheries and Marine Science Journal
Vol.3 No.2 (2023), pp. 63-70 | http://journal.unirow.ac.id/index.php/miyang
ISSN: 2828-2582 (Online) | ISSN: 2828-3279 (Print)
63
Prayogo LM et.al (2023). Residual Analysis and Tidal Harmonic��
Residual Analysis and Tidal Harmonic Components in Bangkalan Regency, East
Java
Luhur Moekti Prayogo1*, Amir Yarkhasy Yuliardi2, Perdana Ixbal Spanton M3, Suwarsih4, Marita Ika Joesidawati5,
Raka Nur Sukma6
123456Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas PGRI Ronggolawe Tuban, 62381, Indonesia
*Penulis Korespondensi: Luhur Moekti Prayogo | Email: luhur.moekti.prayogo@unirow.ac.id
Diterima (Received): 4 November 2023 Direvisi (Revised): 9 November 2023 Diterima untuk Publikasi (Accepted): 10 November
2023
ABSTRACT
Bangkalan Regency is one of Madura, East Java, wheresome of its areas are located in a coastal environment. The coastal environment
can experience economic development due to the transportation aspect so that many industries have been established in that
environment. Studies on oceanographic parameters are essential because management of coastal environments can not be separated
from oceanographic information: The tides information about the tidal characteristics can be obtained after performing a harmonic
analysis, which produces the value of harmonic components. This study analyses the residue and tidal harmonic components using
the LP-Tides Matlab software in the Sepulu district, Bangkalan Regency, East Java. The data used are January 2021 data from the
Geospatial Information Agency. This research shows that the main harmonic components generated include K2, M4, MS4, M2, S2,
N2, K1, O1, and P1. The tidal type shows that the Sepulu district is a semi-diurnal type with a Formzahl number = 0.08566. The
maximum observation and prediction data values for January 2021 in the Sepulu district are 978 and 1273.64 mm. The MSL value is
434 mm, with an average tidal residue value between the observation and predictive data = 166.01 mm. Then the calculation of the
RMSE value and standard deviations are 12.88 and 125.90 mm
Keywords: Tides, Harmonic Components, Residue, LP-Tides Matlab, Bangkalan
? Author(s) 2023. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
1. Introduction
Bangkalan Regency is one of the districts in
Madura, East Java which has an area of approximately
1,260.14 km? (Pemerintah Kabupaten Bangkalan, 2019).
This district is located in the west of Sampang Regency with
a geographical position of 112�� 40' 06"to 113�� 08'44"
Longitude and -6o51'39 "to -7�� 11'39" Latitude
(Pemerintah Kabupaten Bangkalan, 2019). Bangkalan
Regency borders the Madura Strait (south and west),
Sampang Regency (east), and the Java Sea (north)
(Pemerintah Kabupaten Bangkalan, 2019). Bangkalan
consists of around 281 villages and 18 districts with 2 to
100 meters above sea level. Several areas in Bangkalan are
located on the coast, including the southern part, namely
Kamal, Labang, Modung, and Kwanyar, and the northern
part, including Sepulu and Tanjung Bumi. The coastal
environment could experience economic development due
to the transportation aspect, so that many industries have
been established in the area.
It is crucial to study oceanographic parameters
because the management of the coastal areas cannot be
separated from various information. One of the critical
oceanographic parameters to study is tides. Tides are
phenomena of rising and falling sea levels caused by
celestial bodies such as the moon, earth, and sun, which
occur periodically (Ongkosongo, 1989). The calculation of
tidal information can use the Least Square and Admiralty
methods. Information obtained from tide processing
includes tide types, elevation parameters, and tidal
harmonic components. Richasari et al. (2019) stated that
harmonic analysis could be carried out with a specific
period that produces harmonic waves expressed in
harmonic components (amplitude and phase of the wave).
Previous researchers have researched harmonic
component analysis. Gumelar et al. (2016) conducted a
study to study the tidal components in Java's southern
waters using Sea Level Anomaly data from the Topex /
Poseidon Satellite for 1992-2002 Jason-1 Satellite data
from 2002-2011 using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW)
interpolation method. This study indicates that 21
components affect the formation of tides, including nine
semidiurnal parts. This study shows four long-period

64
components and eight diurnal components with diverse
tidal types, which tend to be semidiurnal.
Siswanto & Nugraha (2014) also researched
oceanographic characteristics, one of which wasthe tides in
the Madura Strait, East Java using the Admiralty method.
The primary data used in the study came from the
Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency. This
research shows that the type of tides in the Madura Strait is
mixed, leaning towards multiple dailies (semidiurnal). The
study of Ningsih et al. (2012) used JASON satellite data and
the least-squares method. These experiments indicate that
altimetry data can determine tidal components, and the
number of observations of 50 data results in nine optimal
tidal parts characterized by a small standard deviation
value.
This study aims to analyze the residual and tidal
harmonic components in Sepulu District, Bangkalan
Regency, East Java using the LP-Tides Matlab software from
the above discussion results. The data used is January 2021
data from the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). This
study's results are expected to be useful to various parties,
especially in conducting oceanographic studies in
Bangkalan Regency, East Java.
2. Material and Method
2.1 Material and Research Location
The data used in this study is the tidal data for
January 2021 from BIG. The research location is Sepulu
district, Bangkalan Regency, East Java, with a geographical
coordinate at -6.86008 Latitude, 112.94389 Longitude. The
selection of research locations was based on considering
that many people in the coastal environment use tidal
information to carry out fishing by fishers and salt farmers
who use the high tide to enter water into ponds. Figure 1
shows the research location in Sepulu District, Bangkalan
Regency, East Java.
Figure 1. Research location in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java
2.2 LP-Tides Matlab Software
The LP-Tides software is a tidal processing
program in the Matlab application (Geodesiana, 2021). This
program was developed by Teguh Sulistian, a researcher at
the BIG Centre for Marine and Coastal Environment. This
program is designed like the T-Tide, which includes
predictive analysis and tidal harmonic components
(Geodesiana, 2021). Another feature of this software is a
tide prediction tool and tide analysis presentation in
graphical form and its reconstruction. There is also a blank
data tracking operation and a Fill Gap feature that can be
used to fill in empty tidal data (Geodesiana, 2021).
2.3 Harmonic Components and Formzahl Numbers
The analysis of harmonic components in tidal
measurements is essential because it will show the
precision of a model (Budiman et al., 2015). In this study,
the analysis of ocean tides with tidal harmonic components

65
in this study is limited to the main features, which include
(a) soli-lunar constituents (K1), (b) main lunar constituents
(O1), (c) major solar constituents (P1), (d) Main lunar
constituent (M2), (e) Sun principal constituent (S2), (f)
Moon constituent (N2), (g) Soli-lunar constituent (K2), (h)
Main lunar constituent ( M4) and (i) Soli-lunar constituents
(MS4) (Bosch et al., 2009). Then determine the type of tide
by looking at the resulting Formzahl number. The
determination of the Formzahl number is based on the
harmonic components that have been obtained from
previous calculations. The equation in calculating Formzahl
numbers is as follows (Triatmodjo, 2009):
F=((O1+K1))/((M2+S2))��(1)
Where:
F = Formzahl number
O1 = Constant affected by moon declination
K1 = constant, which is influenced by the
declination of the moon and sun
M2 = constant, which is affected by the position of
the moon
S2 = constant, which is influenced by the position
of the sun
Then the value of the Formzahl number can be classified as
follows (Triatmodjo, 2009):
(a) F 0,25 with the Semidiurnal type,
(b) 0,25 < F 1,5 with Mixed type, tends to be
Semidiurnal,
(c) 1,50 < F 3,0 with Mixed type, tends to Diurnal
and
(d) F > 3,0 with a diurnal type.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Tidal Harmonic Components
The tidal data input, which is processed using the
LP-Tides software, is divided into three columns: the date,
time, and tide value in millimetres (mm). The tidal analysis
is then followed by checking the data intervals. The data
used in this study used one-hour intervals to select data
that did not match these intervals. Then the analysis is
continued by checking the blank data. The results of this
study indicate that there is no empty data or inappropriate
intervals. All input data for January 2021 have been
validated using the LP-Tides Matlab software.
Then the analysis is continued by looking for tidal
harmonic components. This research only calculates the
main harmonic components, including K2, M4, MS4, M2, S2,
N2, K1, O1 and P1. The semi-diurnal tidal type's main
features include M2, S2, N2 and K2, marked with code
number two. The diurnal tidal type components include K1,
O1 and P1, marked with code number one. Furthermore,
M4 and MS4, which form the Quarterly tidal type, are
marked with code number four. The calculation results are
shown in Table 1 that the resulting harmonic constant
values vary, including the importance of Frequency,
Amplitude and Phase.
The calculation results show that the semi-diurnal
tidal type, M2, S2, N2, and K2 components produce
frequency values of 0.080511, 0.083333, 0.078999 and
0.083562. Furthermore, the harmonic components forming
the diurnal tidal type, K1, O1, and P1 components produce
frequency values of 0.041781, 0.038731 and 0.041553.
Finally, the resulting frequency values for the M4 and MS4
details are 0.161023 and 0.163845.
The amplitude value, the components forming the
semi-diurnal tidal type, components M2, S2, N2, and K2,
produce values of 91.2236, 200.5868, 26.011 and 15.5615.
Furthermore, the harmonic components forming the
diurnal tidal type, K1, O1, and P1 components, produce
amplitude values of 15,9374, 9,058 and 15,0272. Finally,
the resulting amplitude values for the M4 and MS4
components are 10.7761 and 42.3025.
Furthermore, seen from the phase value, the
components forming the semi-diurnal tidal type,
components M2, S2, N2, and K2, resulted in 88.11, 54.57,
135.2 307.49. Furthermore, the harmonic components
forming the diurnal tidal type, K1, O1 and P1 details,
produce phase values of 228.93, 325.72 and 2.1. Finally, the
resulting phase values for the M4 and MS4 components are
7.17 and 313.56. Table 1 shows the calculation of tidal
harmonic components in Sepulu District, Bangkalan
Regency, East Java.

66
Table 1. Tidal harmonic components in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency
No Constituents Symbol Description Const Freq Ampl
Phase
(go)
1. Main lunar constituent M2
Semi Diurnal
0.080511 91.2236 88.11
2. Main solar constituent S2 0.083333 200.5868 54.57
3.
Lunar constituent, due to
Earth-Moon distance
N2 0.078999 26.011 135.2
4.
Soli-lunar constituent, due to
the change of declination
K2 0.083562 15.5615 307.49
5. Soli-lunar constituent K1
Diurnal
0.041781 15.9374 228.93
6. Main lunar constituent O1 0.038731 9.058 325.72
7. Main solar constituent P1 0.041553 15.0272 2.1
8. Main lunar constituent M4
Quarterly
0.161023 10.7761 7.17
9. Soli-lunar constituent MS4 0.163845 42.3025 313.56
Then the calculation is continued by determining
the type of tide by looking at the results of the Formzahl
number. The Formzahl number value is obtained by
dividing the leading daily constant amplitude constant by
the leading multiple constant. Experiments that have been
carried out show that the tidal type in Sepulu District,
Bangkalan Regency, is semi-diurnal with Formzahl number
0.08566. Figure 2 is a graph of tidal fluctuations in Sepulu
District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java. Musrifin (2011)
explained that the water level condition in the area (semi-

67
diurnal tides) would experience double daily waves where
there are two high tides and two low tides in a day.
Figure 2. Graph of tidal fluctuation in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java
Figure two illustrates the dynamics of falling and rising
tidal water levels recorded on the tide gauge at the station
point, Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency. The highest peak
of the sea level is more than 990 (mm). The highest tidal
peak occurred three times in the period of the study. The
graph above represents that in one day, there can be
double-ups and downs.
3.2 Prediction and Residual Tide Data
LP tides software provides tools for a user in
predicting tide values. In this research, tide value prediction
is carried out on January 1-30, 2021. It is done to compare
observation data with predicting data. The observation dan
predicting data results in maximum value (978 and
1273.64 mm). Then, Mean Sea Level (MSL) in the
observation dan predicting data results 434 mm. Residual
assumption testing is carried out if the best model has been
obtained (Izzah & Budiantara, 2020). Following the
constituents' use to predict the tide at the point and find the
difference between the observed and predicted data, the
residue is obtained (Kendartiwastra et al., 2018). The
residual calculation is continued by finding the mean, root
mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation. The
results showed the average value of the tidal residue
between the observation data and predictive data was
166.01 mm. Then the calculation is continued by finding the
RMSE value and standard deviation. From the experiments
that have been carried out, the RMSE values and standard
deviations are 12.88 and 125.90 mm, respectively. Figures
3, 4, 5 and 6 show a graph of observations, predictions and
residues in January 2021 in Bangkalan Regency, East Java.

68
Figure 3. Graph of observations, predictions and tidal residues in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java
Figure 4. Graph of tide observations and predictions in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java

69
Figure 5. Prediction and residue graph in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java
Figure 6. Graph of observations and residues in Sepulu District, Bangkalan Regency, East Java
Overall, the picture above compares the results of
data observations in January 2021 with the results of tidal
and residual predictions. The results of observation of field
measurement data during January where the lowest point
of seawater level was at 0 to 100 (mm). However, the
modelling results with LP Tides software represented
where the lowest level of seawater fluctuated, and even the
lowest number reached 0 to 450 (mm). When overlaying
the graph of the observation data and the model, there is a
residual graph that is not too big of a difference.
CONCLUSIONS
From this research, it can be concluded that the
main harmonic constants generated include K2, M4, MS4,
M2, S2, N2, K1, O1 and P1. The tidal type shows that the
Sepulu sub-district is a semi-diurnal type with a Formzahl
number of 0.08566. The maximum values of observation
and prediction data for January 2021 in Sepulu District,
Bangkalan Regency are 978 and 1273.64 mm. The area's
MSL value is 434 mm, with an average tidal residue value
between the observation data and the predictive data of
166.01 mm. The calculation of the RMSE value and standard
deviation are 12.88 and 125.90 mm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank the Indonesian
Geospatial Information Agency for providing tidal data to
be used in this research. Do not forget to thank Teguh
Sulistian, a researcher at the Center for Marine and Coastal

70
Environment, the Geospatial Information Agency, who has
developed the LP-Tides Matlab software.
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