REU Summer 2004
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This document outlines Robert Morien's work during the 2004 REU program to design an improved x-ray diffractometer under the supervision of Prof. Paul Lyman. It provides background on x-ray diffraction and how it is used to analyze semiconductor wafers and determine molecular structures. It describes different types of x-ray diffractometers including 2-circle, 4-circle, and kappa configurations. It also includes the diffraction pattern Robert obtained from analyzing a silicon powder sample and discusses plans to use the diffractometer to analyze pentacene crystals grown at UWM for potential use in organic electronics.
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This document describes a new single grating spectrograph designed for deep ultraviolet (DUV) Raman scattering studies. Key features include:
- It uses two identical calcium fluoride camera lenses, each with five optical elements, to collimate and focus the DUV Raman scattered light onto a charge coupled device (CCD) detector.
- A novel edge filter provides sharp cutoff around 450 cm-1 to reject Rayleigh scattering while transmitting Stokes Raman photons.
- Initial tests show it can rapidly collect Stokes DUV Raman signals with good signal-to-noise ratios using a 257 nm excitation laser in a backscattering configuration.
- Example spectra are presented of chemicals like cyclohexane and glucose to illustratePinal Bhavsar.pptx
Pinal Bhavsar.pptxPinalBhavsar1
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This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including:
- A brief history noting the discovery by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1930 for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- An explanation of the principle behind Raman spectroscopy, which involves inelastic scattering of monochromatic light when it interacts with a sample, providing information about molecular structure.
- A description of the typical instrumentation used, including a laser light source, filter, sample holder, and detector such as a charge-coupled device (CCD).
- Applications of Raman spectroscopy in fields like chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, biology, and medicine due to its non-destructive analysis of solidsLASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY WITH DIFFERENT EXCITATION SOURCES
LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY WITH DIFFERENT EXCITATION SOURCESPraveenSoni64
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IN THIS PRESENTATION I HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY,ITS PRINCIPLE,WORKING, CONSTRUCTIO AND APPLICATIONS..Analysis of pharmaceuticals by mani 
Analysis of pharmaceuticals by mani ManiKandan1405
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This document discusses the analysis of pharmaceuticals using x-ray crystallography. It begins by introducing how x-ray crystallography can determine the atomic arrangement within crystals by detecting the diffraction pattern of x-rays hitting the crystal. It then describes the instrumentation used, including the production of x-rays, collimation, monochromatization, and various detection methods. Finally, it discusses applications like determining minor/trace elements in kidney stones and provides an example analysis.Presentation on x ray diffraction
Presentation on x ray diffractionShaheenPraveen1
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X-ray diffraction is used to identify clay minerals by analyzing their atomic structure. When X-rays interact with the planes of atoms in a crystalline structure, they are either scattered or diffracted based on Bragg's law. This produces a unique diffraction pattern that can be used to identify different minerals. Modern X-ray diffractometers work by generating X-rays, directing them at a sample, detecting the diffracted X-rays, and analyzing the diffraction pattern to identify the minerals present in the sample.Qualification of Phillips Xpert MPD Diffractometer for XRD 
Qualification of Phillips Xpert MPD Diffractometer for XRD Jacob Johnson
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This document summarizes the qualification of a Phillips X'pert Diffractometer for applications in X-ray diffraction and reflection. It describes how the instrument can be configured for powder diffraction and thin film reflectance measurements. It also outlines the X-ray generation process using a hot cathode tube, detection using a xenon gas chamber, calibration techniques, and how Bragg's law and thin film reflectance principles apply to analyzing diffraction and reflectance data to characterize crystal structures and thin film properties. Future work is proposed on analyzing multi-layer thin films and improving crystallography of impure samples.raman babu.pptx
raman babu.pptxDeepakSharma422849
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Raman spectroscopy is an inelastic light scattering technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, where molecules gain or lose small amounts of energy from a photon. This allows the measurement of the Raman spectrum, which can provide information about the chemical structure and bonds in molecules. The document discusses the history and discovery of the Raman effect, instrumentation, applications, and advanced Raman techniques such as resonance Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and electronic Raman scattering.Research Poster 2 Dongwei Liu
Research Poster 2 Dongwei LiuDongwei (Jackie) Liu
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This group is working to develop the systems needed to trap and laser cool barium and lanthanum ions for use in quantum information experiments. They have:
1) Built a cavity to frequency double infrared laser light to 490nm blue light needed to laser cool barium ions. They achieved 74.43亮W of 490nm light from 72mW of infrared input.
2) Modeled an ion trap and determined voltages that can stably trap lanthanum ions while ejecting contaminant lanthanum ions.
3) Designed an imaging system using multiple lenses to collect photons from trapped ions and form a diffraction-limited image on a camera in order to observe the trapped ions.More from Rob Morien (9)
Rotation_Matricies_Derivation_Kappa_Goniometer
Rotation_Matricies_Derivation_Kappa_GoniometerRob Morien
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The document summarizes research conducted during the spring 2006 semester to continue work from the previous summer on modifying a kappa goniometer. Goals included determining angle precision for each axis, designing and fabricating adapter plates to mount new stepper motors, presenting a poster, and deriving rotation matrices. Angle precision for each axis was measured. Adapter plate designs were completed and fabrication began. Installation and further work will continue over the summer. Derivation of rotation matrices was reviewed but not completed due to time constraints. An abstract was accepted for presentation but later withdrawn due to lack of funding.SRMS-5 Conference
SRMS-5 ConferenceRob Morien
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The document describes a new diffractometer arrangement that combines the openness of a kappa goniometer configuration with an additional degree of freedom for detector movement. Specifically:
1) The detector will attach to a two-degree-of-freedom circle mounted on the vertical axis of an Enraf Nonius kappa goniometer, creating a (3s+2d) diffractometer.
2) This will allow the detector to rotate about the vertical axis as well as a horizontal axis, facilitating detection of out-of-plane scattering vectors.
3) The original servomotors are being replaced with stepper motors and gear trains for more precise sample placement and detection while reducing backlashOn Lewis_The Utility of Modal Realism
On Lewis_The Utility of Modal RealismRob Morien
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Lewis advocates modal realism, which holds that possible worlds are as real as the actual world. Possible worlds resemble different ways the world could have been and do not overlap, so events in one world do not affect others. Lewis draws a parallel between plurality of sets and plurality of worlds to argue this view is theoretically useful. However, some critics argue Lewis does not provide strong evidence for this view and the shift from possible ways things could have been to possible worlds is problematic. A better argument might have been that we make accurate modal claims and there are worlds where these claims are true, but Lewis' argument is not ultimately proven. Modal realism can help analyze modality by quantifying over possible worlds using operators restricted by accessibility relationsThe problem with the metamprphisis of plants
The problem with the metamprphisis of plantsRob Morien
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This document provides a summary of Goethe's science of botany and some of the problems it encounters. It discusses how Goethe believed observation was key to understanding nature, but that it was difficult to directly observe continuous processes like plant growth. The document also examines potential solutions to this problem, such as using advanced technology to observe growth without gaps or conceptualizing discrete space on the atomic level. It ultimately questions whether Goethe's arguments were convincing given the limitations of his time versus what modern science has revealed.kant vs. hume
kant vs. humeRob Morien
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Kant sought to address a flaw in Hume's view that knowledge could only come from empirical matters of fact or rational connections of ideas known a priori. Kant introduced a new class of propositions called "synthetic a priori" propositions. These propositions expand knowledge through connections of ideas that are known independently of experience. Kant argued pure mathematics contains synthetic a priori propositions because mathematical concepts are constructed from pure intuitions of space and time that are imposed on objects a priori. This allowed metaphysical concepts to also be known through synthetic a priori propositions, resolving issues metaphysics faced.The Problems of Modal Realism
The Problems of Modal RealismRob Morien
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- Modal realism proposes that possible worlds are concrete entities that exist independently of the actual world. David Lewis argues this allows coherent interpretation of modal claims.
- Objections to Lewis' view include the problem of transworld identity, the epistemic objection, and the incredulous stare. Lewis responds that entities can exist across worlds via counterpart theory and the mind can know other worlds via recombination of possibilities.
- Fictionalism proposes uttering modal claims without belief in their truth, treating possible worlds as fictional contexts. This avoids objections but is still hypocritical to advance views while denying the theory's factuality.
- After considering objections and responses, the document concludes Lewis' modal realism provides awave_equation
wave_equationRob Morien
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This document summarizes the derivation of the 2-dimensional wave equation to model the propagation of a disturbance through a thin stretched membrane. It shows that the wave equation can be derived from the Lagrangian and Hamilton's principle. Initial and boundary conditions are prescribed, and the wave equation is solved using separation of variables to obtain a double Fourier series solution representing the membrane displacement as a function of space and time.Tunneling
TunnelingRob Morien
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1) Quantum tunneling allows electrons to tunnel through potential barriers that they do not have enough energy to classically surmount. This enables the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to image surfaces at the atomic scale.
2) The STM works by bringing a sharp conductive tip very close to a conductive surface without touching. A bias is applied and quantum tunneling allows current to flow, which is measured to construct an image.
3) For superconductors, the energy gap must be exceeded before tunneling can occur. Tunneling between two superconductors only allows current when a bias exceeds /e, while tunneling between a normal metal and superconductor begins when the bias reaches 賊/e.RJM-AB-CFD-Final-Project-Dec-18-2015
RJM-AB-CFD-Final-Project-Dec-18-2015Rob Morien
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1. The document describes using the SIMPLE algorithm to solve the lid-driven cavity flow and square elbow flow problems in MATLAB.
2. It derives the finite volume formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations on a staggered grid for these problems and discretizes the equations.
3. The methodology section outlines deriving the multigrid domain from the Navier-Stokes equations, applying the SIMPLE algorithm, and discretizing the momentum equations on the staggered grid to set up the algorithm to solve for velocity and pressure.REU Summer 2004
- 1. Designing and creating the ultimate x- ray diffractometer By Robert Morien under supervision of Prof. Paul Lyman REU PROGRAM SUMMER 2004
- 2. Outline UWMs x-ray machine What is x-ray radiation and what is it used for Types of x-ray diffractometers Kappa reconfiguration Diffraction pattern of Si Pentacene used for OTFTs
- 4. X-ray diffractometry is used for: A non-destructive technique in analyzing semi-conductor wafers and thin films for contamination and atomic spacings Determination of substrate and film coherence Information concerning the stresses and strains between lattice and film mismatches Primary method for determining molecular structure of proteins, particularly DNA which was determined by use of x-ray diffraction Analysis of crystalline phases present in any sample
- 5. How are x-ray photons developed? X-rays are developed in an evacuated x-ray tube The tube is made of two electrodes, the anode and the cathode The cathode is usually constructed of a tungsten filament held at a high negative potential The anode is held at ground potential The cathode is heated producing thermionic emission Electrons are accelerated towards the anode ejecting electrons of the anode material The hole of the ejected electron is filled by an outer shell electron which creates x-ray radiation the x-ray source Energy and thus the wavelength of the x-ray beam is dependent upon material selected for the anode
- 7. Types of x-ray diffractometers Picker 2 circle 2 axes of rotation limited only to powder diffraction Standard four circle with eularian cradle 4 axes of rotation Can diffract powders or crystals Kappa 4 axes of rotation Allows better access to sample (no obstructing chi circle)
- 8. 4 circle with eularian cradle
- 10. Kappa
- 13. Addition of the fifth circle will allow an additional degree of freedom to detect out-of-surface plane scattering vectors Can use additional constraint to use grazing incidence angles for surface diffraction
- 14. Diffraction pattern for Si powder I ran on the 4- circle Eularian X-ray diffractometer during REU x-ray diffraction pattern 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 two-theta c.p.s. Detector d1 @ 1.28属 = 34.06悩 = d d2 @ 14.1属 = 3.16悩 = d111 d3 @ 17.95属 = 2.5悩 = d012 d4 @ 23.6属 = 1.92悩 = d022 a dhkl = aSi = 5.4305悩 222 lkh a 1.54了 留k 悩
- 15. Pentacene is a promising molecule for growth on crystalline substrates. Currently we are growing pentacene crystals at UWM using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Paul Lyman will take these crystals with him as he leaves for Sabbatical at CERN to determine its crystalline structure using synchrotron radiation
- 16. What can pentacene give us? Biodegradable and easy to reproduce Able to operate as a transistor at room temperature High charge mobilitys and on/off ratios Low cost/Easy to manufacture Organic electronics Transistors Light emmiting diodes for display screens Flexible