Risk Communication
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Legal Principles in Risk Communication discusses the legal and ethical considerations for government agencies handling health crises. It outlines sources of relevant laws including the Federal Constitution and statutes. Agencies must balance disclosure of information with obligations of non-disclosure from laws and policies. Unauthorized disclosure could result in liability for negligence, breach of confidentiality, defamation or public nuisance. Case studies are presented to illustrate these challenges.
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Definition of Teaching:
Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence aim at changing the behavior potential of another person.
Nature and Characteristics of Teaching:
Teaching is giving information.
Teaching is causing to learn.
Teaching is a matter of helping the child to respond to his environment in an effective manner.
Teaching is helping a child to adjust himself to his environment.
Teaching is stimulation and encouragement.
Teaching is guidance.
Teaching is Training the emotions of the child.
Teaching is a mean of preparation.
Teaching is an art and science.
General Theory of Teaching:
The General Theory of Teaching, also known as the "Theory of Teaching" or "General Theory of Instruction," is a comprehensive framework that outlines the fundamental principles and processes of teaching.
Benefits of the General Theory of Teaching:
Improved Student Learning
Increased Teacher Efficacy
Enhanced Teacher Professional Development
Better Student Engagement
CONCLUSION
Teaching theory is prescriptive.
Teachers and pupils are the major variables of teaching theory.
It is narrow and specific.
It is based upon learning theory, learning conditions and learning components.
While learning theory are formulated by conducting experiments on animals teaching theory is developed by dealing with human subjects in normal situations.
It is concerned with effective learning and development of pupils.
Learning is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the acquisition, processing, and retention of knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
The relatively permanent change in a person's knowledge or behavior due to experience.
Characteristics of Learning:
Learning is Growth.
Learning is adjustment.
Learning is purposeful.
Learning is intelligent.
Learning is active.
Learning is both individual and social.
Learning is the product of the environment.
Learning is experience.
Learning Theory: Learning theory refers to the body of knowledge that explains how people learn and acquire new knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
Types of Teaching Theory:
1.Formal Theory of Teaching
Meutic Theory of teaching.
Communication theory of teaching.
Moulding theory of teaching.
The mutual enquiry theory.
2.Descriptive theory of teaching
Theories of instruction
Prescriptive theory of teaching
3.Normative theory of teaching
Cognitive theory of teaching
Theory of teacher behaviour
Psychological theory of teaching
General theory of teaching
FORMAL THEORY OF TEACHING
Formal theory of teaching is also known as philosophical theory. The theory which is based upon certain logic, certain metaphysical, epistemological assumptions and propositions is known as formal theory of teaching.
1.Meutic Theory of Teaching:
This theory conceives that teaching process helps to recollect or unfold that knowledge with questioning techniques.
The Socratics method is an essential for this theory.
The heredity plays an importDRUGS USED IN UTI OR URINARY ANTISEPTICS
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drugs used in Urinary Tract InfectionsWhy Dental Implants Fail Quality Care for Your Smile
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The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) collaborate closely to produce the globally recognized TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. Therefore, when discussing the "9th edition of UICC head and neck staging," it's largely in alignment with the updates introduced by the AJCC's Version 9. The UICC's TNM Core Committee finalized the 9th edition of the TNM Classification, with publication anticipated in August 2025.
The key updates for head and neck cancers in the 9th edition (or Version 9) reflect an ongoing effort to improve prognostic accuracy and align staging with contemporary clinical understanding and treatment outcomes. Here are the significant changes, particularly those relevant to head and neck:
* Emphasis on Personalized Care and Prognostic Refinements: The 9th edition reflects a greater focus on personalized care, incorporating refinements that aim to better predict patient outcomes.
* Revised Criteria for Specific Head and Neck Cancers:
* Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC): This site has seen substantial revisions, as highlighted in the previous response on AJCC updates. Key changes include:
* More precise definition of T3 disease (unequivocal evidence of bone involvement).
* Introduction of advanced radiologic extranodal extension (ENE) as an N3 criterion. This acknowledges the prognostic impact of ENE seen on imaging.
* Subclassification of M1 disease into M1a (3 or fewer metastatic lesions) and M1b (more than 3 lesions) to better stratify prognosis in metastatic settings.
* Redefined Stage Groups for NPC, with T1-2N0-1 now often falling into Stage I, and Stage IV being exclusively for metastatic disease, further subdivided by the M1a/M1b categories.
* Salivary Gland Cancers: Revised criteria based on updated imaging and anatomical features are being incorporated.
* HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancers: New staging is introduced for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers to better reflect their distinct biological behavior and prognosis, which is generally more favorable than HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers. This often involves specific considerations for nodal burden.
* Integration of Imaging and Anatomical Features: The updates are grounded in recent evidence, incorporating insights from advanced imaging techniques and a deeper understanding of anatomical spread.
* International Collaboration: These updates are the result of collaborative efforts between the AJCC and UICC, involving input from cancer registries, clinical outcomes data, and disease-specific experts worldwide. The goal is to provide a unified and globally applicable staging system.
* Dynamic Update Process: Similar to the AJCC's shift from "Editions" to "Versions" for specific sites, the UICC is also exploring more flexible ways to share future TNM updates.
In essence, the 9th edition of the UICC staging system for head and neck cancers, particularly in areas like NPC and HPVOphthalmic Techniques HSSC-1 | Federal Board Past Paper | 2025 Preparation.pdf
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HSSC-1 Ophthalmic Technology | Federal Board Past Paper Solved 鏝
Welcome to our channel! In this video, we cover the Federal Board Ophthalmic Techniques Past Paper for HSSC-1, including:
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Section A (20 Marks)
Short Questions Section B (50 Marks)
Long Questions Section C (30 Marks)
Latest Exam Pattern | 2025 Preparation Guide
Time Management Tips Included!
This video is perfect for students preparing for HSSC-1 Ophthalmic Technology exams under the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE).
Dont forget to like, share, and subscribe for more solved papers and exam tips!
#OphthalmicTechnology #FBISE #HSSC1 #PastPaper #MedicalTechnology #OphthalmicTechniques #FederalBoard #MCQs #ShortQuestions #LongQuestions #BoardExam2025ELECTROMYOGRAPHY.pptX by GOKULAKRISHNAN.
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Electromyography is basically the study of motor unit activity.
In electromyography, the study of the electrical activity of contracting muscle provides information concerning the structure and function of the motor units.
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This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of cell injury, a fundamental concept in pathology. It covers the causes, types (reversible and irreversible), mechanisms of injury (including hypoxia, free radicals, and chemical agents), and the morphological and biochemical changes that occur during cell injury. The slides are ideal for medical, pharmacy, and life sciences students preparing for pathology coursework or exams.
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Only Chi-square is discussed here. Update on Anesthesia for Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery.pptx
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Based on practices on my hospital and 2021 bja articleAd
Risk Communication
- 1. Legal Principles in Risk Communication
- 2. Legal and Ethical Understanding Staff handling a health crisis should have knowledge of the relevant laws and ethical considerations pertaining to the crisis
- 3. Objective To introduce the existing sources of law To ascertain from a legal perspective whether or not information should be released To identify the possible legal implications of disclosure/ non-disclosure
- 4. Sources of Law Federal Constitution Statutes Regulations General Orders Government directives and circulars Common Law
- 5. Government Circulars and Directives Peraturan-peraturan Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan dan Tatatertib) 1983 Peraturan 19 Perintah-perintah Am Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan dan Tatatertib) (Bab D) 1980 Perkara 17 Perkara 4 Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bil. 1 Tahun 1985 = non-disclosure
- 6. Non-disclosure Government policy, program or decision on any issue Any factual information relating to department Explanation of incident or report BUT
- 7. People should have access to information in a democratic society Allows for expression of constitutionally protected rights in Art 10 and 5 of the Federal Constitution Disclosure in good faith is a valid defense to a criminal action under the Penal Code s93
- 8. Federal Constitution - Article 10 10(1) Subject to clauses(2), (3) and (4) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression Restrictions are imposed in the interest of national security, public order, etc
- 9. THE CONFLICT Federal Constitution Ethical principles Gag orders VS IMPLICATIONS decision
- 10. Authorised Officer Communications Officer PUBLIC Ministers approval information
- 11. Liabilities of authorised officers Subject to statutory duties of non-disclosure E.g. PCID, Food Act, OSHA, Pesticides Act Breach offence under the statute, penalty as prescribed under the statute e.g. fine and /or imprisonment + disciplinary action may be taken
- 12. MINISTER YES NO No problem comply non-compliance - disclosure No problem Disciplinary action Communications officer
- 13. Further legal implications Negligence Breach of Confidentiality Defamation Public Nuisance
- 14. Negligence Liability may exist either for disclosure or failure to disclose depending on circumstances Need to prove three elements Duty of care Breach of standard of care Damage/causation
- 15. Breach of Confidentiality Both legally and ethically wrong Protects special relationships of trust e.g. between health care providers and patients Consider the context in which the information was given/ received
- 16. Breach of Confidentiality - exceptions Sharing information with other health care providers For effective management of crisis information If required by law In public interest to prevent a greater danger to the public at large
- 17. Defamation Publication oral or written which may tarnish a persons reputation Defences justification qualified privilege (public interest)
- 18. Public Nuisance If disclosure/non-disclosure results in injury to a class of persons in a particular area the government as protector of public health and safety may be liable An offence under section 268 of the Penal Code
- 19. VICARIOUS LIABILITY -government liable negligence defamation public nuisance Breach of confidentiality
- 20. Case Studies Nipah outbreak Enterovirus Hand foot & mouth disease Haze
- 21. Nipah outbreak WHO should have released information? Refer to government circulars Should ANY information have been released if information was lacking/insufficient? Negligence? If info released was wrong/info withheld?
- 22. Nipah outbreak Vaccination - effective? To state effective negligence? Discovery of actual virus nipah not JE What information to release? Is failure to release negligent? General public Vaccinated group