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RUMEN MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM
- 2. Establishment of microbes in young ruminant is primarily dependant upon its exposure to an adult animal . Major portion of microbial population consists of Anaerobic bacteria Ciliate protozoa Anaerobic fungi
- 3. Counting can be done in strained rumen fluid Concentration of rumen protozoa can be significantly lower in rumen fluid than in whole rumen contents by a factor depending on time and method used to separate the fluid fraction. Increased percentage of solids acted as a filter mat retaining more of the protozoa
- 4. Grooming to young animals by mother Salivation on feed or even pasture followed by ingestion of the contaminated material by a young animal leads to faunation Airborne water droplets Rumen pH is quite acidic in young due to rapid fermentation of milk sugars so the sequence of establishment of protozoa is Entodinium first followed by Diplodinium and then Holotrichs.
- 5. Modification in physiology of the animal host i.e. changes in rumen motility, rumen wall absorption capacity , salivary secretion etc. May cause a temporary disappearance of rumen ciliates. Well established bacterial flora and rumen pH is necessary for establishment of rumen ciliates.
- 6. Diurnal variation : Chemotactic response: migration of Isotrichidae primarily Isotrachia and Dasytricha into rumen contents at feeding time followed by abrupt decrease as a result of sequestration . As the storage polysaccharide in the cells increased after feeding they sequester by settling in ventral rumen as the polysaccharide utilized the levels falls below a chemotactic threshold within 10-12h and if animal is fed, the isotrichids will migrates in response to soluble sugars
- 7. Diet : when amount of available energy increased in ration protozoan concentration increased , ration containing 40- 50% roughage will support maximal protozoan numbers with a diverse fauna containing species of most of genera . Increased concentrates above 60% corresponding decrease in minimal rumen pH results in protozoan concentration, shifts towards Entodinium ,or completes defaunation
- 8. Intake: protozoan number were inversely proportional to particle size and rate of passage of feed through the rumen Frequency: feeding the same quantity of feed four times daily instead of once a day resulted in doubling of protozoan concentration because multiple feeding prevents the drastic fluctuations in rumen pH which can be inhibitory to protozoa
- 9. Seasonal differences : hot to cold or wet to dry both inhibit or slow down plant growth and results in a decrease energy available to the animal
- 10. Geographical location Difference in diet Origin of animals Isolation from others ruminants Specificity of rumen ciliates Antagonism between species
- 11. Host specificity : in the animal itself by some unknown physiological factors could influence the genera and species which establish in its rumen these includes type and amount of feed ,rate of consumption, saliva production ,rumen pH, rate and type of fermentation , osmolality, particulate matter. Protozoan specificity :on the basis of races existing within a given species.
- 12. Antagonism between species : the type of fauna established in a given animal can be influenced by antagonistic relationship which appears to exist between certain rumen ciliates species.
- 13. Non photosynthetic microorganism containing chitin in their vegetative cell walls and are fibrolytic in nature for maximum production of these organism they require pH 6.5 and 39属C, presence of CO2 and absence of O2. Ability to grow under low redox potential Vegetative stage are called as zoospore Rapid increase in number shortly after feeding resulted from stimulation of reproductive body by haem or haem containing compounds on a vegetative phase of the organism which differentiated and liberated the flagellates.
- 14. Young preruminants rely upon their mother milk for nutrition, with lactose as major CHO most of anaerobic fungi can utilize this lactose as carbon source and thrive in low redox potential developed by anaerobic bacteria so plant fibre is not essential for their establishment . Can be transferred by grooming, by feeding at same site, coprophagy and they are not host specific.
- 15. Diets rich in forage such as hay and silage or silage based diets with a long ruminal transit time , consistently results in development of high population densities of anaerobic fungi Fungi normally grow on highly lignified tissue and in the pelleted ration or supplemented with soluble sugar the transit time is low resulted in high wash out of infected particles and low ruminal pH also reduces the fungal population
- 16. Appearance of a bacterial population would not dependent on feed composition but composition of microflora depends. Bacterial population established in rumen with in few days after birth creates suitable environment for establishment and growth of cellulolytic species
- 17. The concentration of total rumen bacteria decreased after feeding , increased slowly to maximum and then gradually decreased until the next feeding Concentration pattern reflects an initial dilution by feed, water and saliva and increase in growth rate in response to incoming nutrients which exceeds the dilution rate and finally a depletion of nutrients with a corresponding decrease in growth rate
- 18. Diet : high concentrate diet increases bacterial concentration however feeding frequency, feeding level and sampling time and individual animal variation all appear to influence bacterial concentration. Animal fed on pasture: counts are lowest in winter and highest during summer this reflect the low nitrogen content in winter herbage Antibiotics: they inhibit the gram positive bacteria, with a corresponding enrichment of gram negative bacteria
- 19. As a result propionate production is increased, protein degradation and methane in rumen is depressed Interrelationships: major nutritional effects of rumen protozoa is upon the protein/energy ratio of nutrients available for absorption in small intestine affecting animal growth rate, feed intake and feed digestibility exerting a levelling or buffering effect on the rumen
- 20. When fungus are eliminated by feeding chemically treated barley straw the digestibility of fibre was depressed Bacterial population found to be much higher in defaunated than in faunated animal and decrease markedly following faunation The fermentation of feedstuffs is taken over by increased bacterial population
- 21. Zoospore and sporangia concentration found to be increased in defaunated animals Different levels of energy intake would be expected to support different amounts of total microbial biomass.