Sahyadri Amphibians Ku 8sep09(1)
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The document summarizes research on amphibians in the Western Ghats region of India over the past nine years. It describes discoveries of 50 new species, high levels of endemism, and studies of topics like niche partitioning, breeding behavior, call patterns, and impacts of land use change. Conservation priority areas in the Sharavathi river basin are identified based on species richness, abundance, and habitat fragmentation analysis.
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Sahyadri Amphibians Ku 8sep09(1)
- 1. Amphibians of Sahyadri Gururaja KV Centre for Ecological Sciences IISc, Bangalore 12 gururaj@ces.iisc.ernet.in gururajakv@gmail.com
- 2. Flow of talk Key Research areas in the Western Ghats Overview of Amphibian diversity What do we do? Impact of land-use change Natural history, call pattern analysis, niche partitioning and Ecology Spatial distribution modeling What we can do? Plenty to explore
- 4. From Sahyadriin last nine years Genus # species 50 species new to science Fejervarya 4 Rhacophoridae 26 Gegeneophis 7 Ghatixalus 1 Gymnophiona 12 Ichthyophis 2 Microhyla 1 Minervarya 1 25 160 Western Ghats 140 Nasikabatrachus 1 Cumulative number of species 20 120 100 Nyctibatrachus 5 15 # Species 80 Philautus 23 10 60 40 Polypedates 1 5 20 0 0 Rhacophorus 1 1799 1824 1849 1874 1899 1924 1949 1974 1999 Uraeotyphlus 3
- 5. Amphibian diversity in Sahyadri 155 species (287 from India) 141 described from Sahyadri 135 are endemic
- 6. Other issues Viviparity in caecilians Geneophis seshachari Gower et al., 2008. J Evol Biol. 21(5):1220-6
- 7. Other issues Frog skipping tadpole stage Gururaja and Ramachandra, 2006. Curr. Sci. 90(3):450-454
- 8. Other issues Biju and Bossyut, 2003. Nature. 425: 711714
- 9. Indias smallest frog Biju et al., 2007. Current Science 93(6): 854-858.
- 10. Skin extracts and pesticidal impacts 1. Giri et al., 2006. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.06.011 2. Sai et al., 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006615200 3. Gurushankara et al., 2007. doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0015-5
- 11. Conservation and Management Das, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bawa, K. S., Kiran, M. C., Srinivas, V., Kumar, N. S., et al. 2006. Prioritization of conservation areas in the Western Ghats, India. Biological Conservation, 133, 1631. Gururaja KV, Sameer Ali and Ramachandra TV. 2008. Influence of land-use changes in river basins on diversity and distribution of amphibians. In: Environment Education for Ecosystem Conservation
- 12. Sharavathi River basin Sharavathi River in central Western Ghats, Karnataka west-flowing river, about 132 km an average altitude of 500 m) Linganamakki reservoir is about 326 sq. km In 1932, a small dam was built at Hirebhaskara In 1964, a major dam at Linganamakki, which submerged the Hirebhaskara dam and the lands belonging to 32 villages. Later, in the 1990s, another dam was built at Gerusoppa, affecting 705 ha of primary forests.
- 13. Study area
- 14. Methods Systematic stratified random sampling night survey with torch lights (17:30-20:30 hr), from 2003 2006, seasonal, search for all (including calls, tadpoles), in all micro habitats Identify and record species, numbers etc. Opportunistic observations also included for overall diversity in the region Shannons index (H = - 裡 pi ln pi), (H Simpsons index (D = 1/ 裡 pi2) (D
- 15. Classified image of Land-use Analysis in Land- Sharavathi river basin
- 16. Sub- Sub-basin wise fragmentation analysis in Sharavathi river basin Sub-basins Interior Perforated Edge Transitional Patch Undetermined Nandihol辿 9.58 19.37 7.15 10.85 52.95 0.11 Haridravathi 5.02 13.15 5.36 10.76 65.6 0.1 Mavinahol辿 9.96 21.26 7.83 13.38 47.42 0.15 Sharavathi 8.09 18.96 6.27 15.06 51.54 0.08 Hilkunji 21.02 32.98 8.52 12.37 24.86 0.24 Hurlihol辿 16.47 30.05 9.74 14.43 29.14 0.17 Nagodihol辿 24.91 28.98 10.38 14.83 20.62 0.29 Yennehol辿 14.69 25.2 10.12 16.84 32.92 0.22
- 17. Fragmentation analysis Nandi Haridravathi Background colour Mavinhole Sharavathi
- 18. Result . 42 species, 7 families 27 endemic to Western Ghats (64%) 12 vulnerable 17 near threatened Nandihol辿 least richness, abundance Nandihol辿 Yennehol辿 highest Yennehol辿 Su b-ba sin Ri ch n ess A bu n d. En dem ic En .A bu Non -en d. Non .A bu Sim pson Sh a n n on Na n di 10 36 4 12 6 24 5 .4 5 6 1 .9 6 3 Ha r idr a v a th i 14 49 6 28 8 21 8 .7 4 7 2 .3 5 6 Mav in h ole 14 48 8 28 6 20 7 .6 2 9 2 .2 9 8 Sh a r a v a th i 14 33 9 27 5 6 7 .3 1 6 2 .2 9 8 Hilku n ji 20 48 11 31 9 17 1 0.1 2 8 2 .6 5 3 Na g odi 18 59 11 45 7 14 7 .5 4 8 2 .4 3 6 Hu r li 15 38 9 26 6 12 1 1 .1 00 2 .5 4 4 Yen n e 22 66 13 35 9 31 1 3 .2 9 9 2 .8 07
- 19. Component loadings Variable loadings PC 1 PC2 Tree endemism (%) 0.233 0.194 Tree evergreenness (%) 0.282 0.231 Stream flow (%) 0.257 -0.087 Canopy (%) 0.086 0.101 Rainfall (mm) 0.191 -0.049 Evergreen-Semi-evergreen (%) 0.509 -0.015 Moist-deciduous (%) -0.101 -0.038 Agriculture (%) -0.373 0.657 Open land (%) -0.133 0.124 Interior forest (%) 0.178 -0.304 Perforated forest (%) 0.101 -0.122 Patch forest (%) -0.143 0.218 Shape index 0.214 0.2 Contiguous forest (m2) -0.157 -0.169 Shannons index 0.254 0.232 Total edge (m) 0.364 0.404
- 20. Principal Component Analysis... Agriculture field 1.6 Total edge forest 1.0 4 Evergreenness Patch forest Shannons patch index Open field Tree endemism 0.3 Landscape shape index 5 Axis 2 2 1 7 8 -1.6 -1.0 -0.3 0.3 1.0 1.6 Rain fall Evergreen-Semi-evergreen 3 Stream flow -0.3 6 Contiguous forest Interior forest -1.0 -1.6 Vector scaling: 2.50 Axis 1 1. Nandihole, 2. Haridravathi, 3. Mavinhole, 4. Sharavathi, 5. Hilkunji, 6. Hurli, 7. Nagodi and 8. Yennehole.
- 21. 酷庄稼温鉛鉛霞
- 22. Conservation Priority Regions in Uttara Kannada District
- 23. Sampling localities Castle rock Gowliwada Gunjavathi Kaneri Anashi Dabguli Hasehalla Chitageri Sapurthi Kathagala Chandavara Ulluru Baillalli Kathalekan Magod Hosagadde
- 24. Results 32 species, 8 families 17 endemics, 4 terrestrial, 16 aquatic, 3 semiaquatic and 9 arboreal
- 25. Triplot
- 26. Conservation priority must be given to Castle rock Gowliwada Gunjavathi Kaneri Anashi Dabguli Hasehalla Chitageri Sapurthi Kathagala Chandavara Ulluru Baillalli Kathalekan Magod Hosagadde
- 27. Niche partitioning Four species of Philautus P. cf. ponmudi, P.cf.neelanethrus, P.cf.amboli and P.tuberohumerus Snout vent lenght, Weight, perching height during advertisement call, call frequency Speci es SV L (m m ) Weigh t (g) Pf (k Hz) Heigh t (m ) P. cf. po nm udi 3 3 .2 2 賊0 .7 2 4 2 .7 8 賊0 .3 1 1 2 .0 0 賊0 .0 2 4 7 .9 0 賊0 .8 2 1 (3 2 - 3 4 .1 ) (2 .2 2 - 3 .2 1 ) (1 .9 6 - 2 .0 5 ) (7 9 ) N 9 9 16 9 P. tuberohum erus 2 0 .0 6 賊1 .8 6 7 0 .6 1 賊0 .1 4 4 3 .4 6 賊0 .1 5 3 1 .0 5 賊 0 .5 7 6 (1 6 - 2 2 .6 ) (0 .2 6 - 0 .8 4 ) (3 .1 1 - 3 .6 8 ) (0 .3 - 2 .5 ) N 12 12 37 12 P. cf. neelanethrus 2 8 .8 1 賊1 .4 5 2 1 .3 7 賊0 .2 6 6 2 .3 9 賊0 .0 3 1 2 .7 8 - 1 .1 7 2 (2 6 .5 - 3 1 .4 ) (1 .0 9 - 2 .0 6 ) (2 .3 5 - 2 .4 8 ) (0 .5 5 ) N 17 17 16 17 P. cf.am bo li 2 7 .3 6 賊1 .8 2 6 1 .5 2 賊0 .2 5 6 2 .5 6 賊0 .0 5 4 1 .5 7 賊0 .4 9 6 (2 2 .2 - 3 1 .9 ) (0 .9 3 - 2 .2 ) (2 .4 4 - 2 .6 3 ) (0 .7 5 - 2 .3 ) N 86 86 23 21
- 28. Peak Frequency (kHz) Snout vent length (mm)
- 29. Breeding behavior Foot flagging in Micrixalus saxicola
- 30. Breeding behavior Satellite males in Nyctibatrachus petraeus
- 31. Call patterns and natural history Pedostibes tuberculosus
- 32. Species distribution modeling Paa minica GARP Raster Format: Range: 0-254, Nodata: 255 Area Under Curve (AUC) : 0.88 Accuracy : 67.57% Omission error : 61.11% Commission error : 5.26% Cells predicted present : 0.64% Total number of cells : 7683100 Sampling points
- 33. Paa minica at Moolbari
- 34. Some common anurans Common Indian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus Fergusons toad, Bufo scaber up to 16cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies up to 5cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies Malabar tree toad, Pedostibes tuberculosus, Endemic Indian burrowing frog, Sphearotheca breviceps up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, forest streams up to 6cm, noctornal, fussorial, human habitation, water bodies
- 35. Ornate narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla ornata Red narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla rubra up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies Karnataka night frog, Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis Endemic Castlerock night frog, Nyctibatrachus petraeus Endemic up to 9cm, noctornal, aquatic, forest streams up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic and arboreal, forest streams
- 36. Aloysius skittering frog, Euphlyctis aloysii Common skittering frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies up to 6cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies Golden frog, Hylarana aurantiaca Endemic Bronzed frog, Hylarana temporalis Endemic up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, streams, paddy fields, ponds up to 6cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, river, streams
- 37. Wrinkled cricket frog, Fejervarya caperata Kudremukh cricket frog, Fejervarya kudremukhensis up to 4cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, pools up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies Reddish cricket frog, Fejervarya rufescens Endemic Indian bull frog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, laterite rocks, ponds, pools up to 25cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, streams, paddy fields
- 38. Small torrent frog, Micrixalus saxicola Endemic Amboli bush frog, Philautus amboli Endemic up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream/river falls up to 3.5cm, noctornal, arboreal, shrubs, bushes, tree bark Common tree frog, Polypedates maculatus Malabar gliding frog, Rhacophorus malabaricus Endemic up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, tree trunks, bushes, walls up to 7cm, noctornal, tree trunks, shrubs, bushes
- 39. Bicolored frog, Clinotarsus curtipes Fungoid frog, Hylarana malabarica Endemic up to 6cm, nocturnal, semi-aquatic, reservoirs, streams, river up to 7cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies Sahyadri minervarya frog, Minervarya sahyadris Endemic Small leaping frog, Indirana semipalmata Endemic up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, ponds, pools up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream beds, leaf litter, crevices
- 40. What we can do? Know your neighbours who are there in the campus! Report on calls, breeding and other issues Research on Anti Microbial Peptides ThinkThinkSet objectivesRefine and be independent researchers
- 41. Acknowledgements This work was not possible otherwise, if the people mentioned below had not accompanied me in field and made me feel secure, while they took the pain of travelling during night hours, amidst dense forest, heavy rains, tough terrain, creeping creatures and frightening animals. Special thanks to you all - Sameer Ali, Vishnu D Mukri, Karthick B, Sreekantha, Srikanth Naik, Lakshminarayana, Nayak CR, Dinesh KP, Amit Yadav, Seshadri KS, Dhanpal G Naidu, Alkananda, Supriya, Uttam Kumar, Hemant Ogle, Palot MJ, Divakar K Mesta, Rao GR, Sudhira HS, Vijaya Cavale, Harish Bhat, Sumanth, Thulasiraman, Vishnupriya S, Mittal Gala, Ramanath Chandrashekar, Dayani Chakravarthy, Vipul Ramanuj, Srinidhi Kashyap, Subramanian KA, Gowri Shanker, Pradeep Gangadkar AS, Archna Singh, Boominathan M, Subash Chandran MD, Ramachandra TV, Nisarg R Prakash, Ganesh HS, Aravind NA, Vijay Mohan Raj, Manoj Kumar, Lingaraja, Manikantan, Avinash KG, Suresh GB, Manjunatha MJ, Sushanto Sen, Preeti and forest guards, watchers and many on lookers.
- 42. Thank you