Solid State Class 12 Chemistry RBSE or CBSE
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Solid state
Solid stateRamakrishna Ager
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Solids can be either crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline solids have a definite shape and sharp melting point, while amorphous solids lack a definite shape and melting point. There are two main types of crystalline solids: ionic crystals composed of ions and molecular crystals composed of molecules. Ionic crystals form lattice structures with ions arranged in repeating patterns. The characteristics and structures of different types of ionic crystals depend on factors like the ions' sizes and their ratio. Solid state 2017
Solid state 2017nysa tutorial
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this is based on jee, nee, aipmt, maharahstra board, icse and cbse board. if you want this ppt to download please donate me Rs200/- for my each hard dedicated ppt. put on my paytm acount- 8879919898.
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contact - aktr000@gmail.comIonic solids
Ionic solidsakshay kulshrestha
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Ionic solids are composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions arranged in a 3D array. The electrostatic attractions between opposite charges hold the ions in fixed positions, making ionic solids hard and brittle. The melting point of ionic solids is generally over 150 degrees C because strong electrostatic forces must be overcome for melting to occur. The radius ratio rule can be used to predict the coordination number of ions based on the ratio of cation to anion radii, with different ratios corresponding to different coordination geometries like tetrahedral or octahedral. While useful, the radius ratio rule has limitations as it treats ions as hard spheres and does not account for variations in effective ionic radii.Crystalline Solids
Crystalline SolidsSidra Javed
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This document discusses different types of crystalline solids. It defines a crystalline solid as having a well-ordered structure with definite arrangements of particles. Crystalline solids are made up of repeating units called unit cells, which together form a crystal lattice. The document describes the different packing arrangements of particles in unit cells and classifies crystalline solids into four main types - ionic, covalent, metallic and molecular crystals - based on the type of bonding forces between particles. Each type of crystalline solid is characterized by distinct properties like melting point, conductivity, hardness and thermal stability.Solid
SolidPoonam Singh
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The document summarizes key concepts about crystalline and amorphous solids, including:
- Crystalline solids exhibit long-range order while amorphous solids only have short-range order.
- Ionic crystals like NaCl and CsCl form face-centered cubic or body-centered cubic structures to maximize interactions between oppositely charged ions.
- The cohesive energy of ionic crystals can be calculated by considering contributions from Coulomb attraction, electron overlap repulsion, ionization energies, and electron affinities.solid state
solid statemadan kumar
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This document provides an overview of solid state physics. It discusses the main types of solids as crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a long-range ordered structure while amorphous solids lack long-range order. It also describes different crystal structures like unit cells, Bragg's equation for determining crystal structure from X-ray diffraction, and the four main types of crystals: molecular, covalent, metallic and ionic.Solid state chemistry ppt
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This document provides an introduction to solid state properties including crystalline and amorphous solids. It defines key solid state concepts such as polymorphism, allotrophism, isotropic and anisotropic substances. It also describes techniques for analyzing crystal structure including X-ray diffraction, Bragg's equation, unit cells, Miller indices and powder methods. Semiconductors are discussed as materials that can conduct electricity depending on temperature and impurities. Solar cells are mentioned as an application that uses a p-n junction formed from a p-type and n-type semiconductor.Characteristics of crystalline solid
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This document provides an overview of solid state chemistry and properties of solid surfaces. It discusses the following key points:
- Solids have definite shapes and volumes due to strong forces holding their atoms, molecules, or ions in fixed positions. This gives solids their rigidity and mechanical strength.
- There are two main types of solids - crystalline solids which have a regular repeating structure and amorphous solids which lack long-range order.
- Techniques for characterizing solid surfaces include low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which can provide information about surface structure and composition.
- LEED specifically works by bombarding a crystalline surfaceSolid state class 12 CBSE
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The document discusses the characteristics of solids and different types of crystalline structures. It describes that solids can be crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a repeating pattern, while amorphous solids only have short-range order. Crystalline solids are further classified as ionic, molecular, metallic or covalent networks based on bonding. Crystals consist of lattice structures with primitive or centered unit cells containing particles in specific arrangements. Close packing of spheres in one, two or three dimensions results in different crystal structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic or hexagonal close packed.Solids - Arrangement of solid particles
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In solids, molecules, ions or atoms are arranged in a definite pattern. Packing arrangement of particles is responsible for different types of solids and their properties Types of solids
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There are two main types of solids: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a regular, ordered atomic arrangement forming a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack long-range order and have an irregular, haphazard structure. Examples of crystalline solids include NaCl and CsCl, while examples of amorphous solids include glass and rubber. Crystalline solids can also be classified based on their crystal structure as ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic.CHEMICAL ENGG. MATERIALS- CRYSTALLINE & NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
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Crystalline solids can be classified into four main categories based on the type of intermolecular forces present: molecular solids, ionic solids, metallic solids, and covalent solids. Molecular solids are further divided into nonpolar, polar, and hydrogen-bonded types. Ionic solids are formed from electrostatic attractions between cations and anions. Metallic solids contain a sea of free electrons that allow for high conductivity. Covalent solids form giant covalent structures with strong directional bonds, making them very hard and with high melting points.Solid state 
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This document provides an overview of solid state structures. It discusses the two main types of solids - crystalline and amorphous - and explains their distinguishing characteristics. Crystalline solids have a definite, orderly arrangement of atoms while amorphous solids do not. The document then covers various topics related to crystalline solids, including crystal structures, unit cells, Bravais lattices, and the structures of materials like NaCl, diamond, and graphite. It also discusses crystal imperfections and different types of defects that can occur in ionic crystals.solid state
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The document discusses solid state physics and the properties of solid materials. It explains that solid state physics formulates laws governing the behavior of solids and explores why materials like carbon can exist in different states with varying electrical properties. The document also classifies solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous and discusses crystal structure, lattice, and unit cells - the basic repeating units that make up crystalline solids. Understanding these atomic arrangements is important for explaining the behavior and properties of different materials.Module2
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This document describes four main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, which are hard and brittle with strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative ions; covalent solids, which are hard with strong covalent bonds between neutral atoms like diamond and graphite; molecular solids, which are soft with weak van der Waals forces between neutral molecules; and metallic solids, which have mobile electrons conducting electricity and positive metal ions giving properties of malleability, ductility, and high tensile strength.The solid state
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This document summarizes different types of solids. Crystalline solids have long-range order between particles which gives them distinct properties like sharp melting points and anisotropy. Amorphous solids only have short-range order, making them similar to supercooled liquids with no distinct melting point. Crystalline solids can be classified as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent based on the interactions between particles. Each type of solid has distinct physical properties depending on these interactions.SOLID STATE -XII BY SULEKHA RANI R , PGT CHEMISTRY
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Here are the definitions and differences you asked for:
Short range order - Atoms are arranged in a disordered manner within a small region but this arrangement does not extend over long distances.
Anisotropic - A material whose physical properties vary with the direction of measurement.
Unit cell - The smallest repeating unit that constructs the entire crystal by translation.
Voids - Empty spaces between closely packed spheres in crystal structures. There are two types - octahedral and tetrahedral voids.
Impurity defect - Occurs when an atom of one element replaces an atom of the host element in its normal lattice position.
Monoclinic - Unit cell with two axes at 90 degrees and one axis not at 90 degreesCrystalline solids !
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There are three main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. Ionic solids are composed of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice. They have properties like high melting points and are brittle. Molecular solids have molecules arranged in a particular configuration, and properties like low melting points and being nonconductors. Metallic solids have metal atoms or ions arranged in patterns, giving properties such as conductivity and malleability. All crystalline solids have constituents ordered in highly organized, repeating microscopic structures extending in three dimensions.Gseb class 12 chemistry sem 3 ch 1 solid state part 1
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The document provides the lecture plan for a solid state chemistry course consisting of 7 lectures. The first lecture will cover basics of solid state including definitions of different types of solids and their properties. Lectures 2-4 will cover simple cubic structure, body centered cubic, closest packing, hexagonal close packing, and cubic close packing structures. Lecture 5 will discuss radius ratio rule and types of ionic structures. Lecture 6 will cover crystal defects and properties of solids. The last lecture will complete the solid state course with discussion.Solid state.pdf
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The document discusses various types of solids and their properties. It describes crystalline solids as having long-range order of particles in a repeating pattern, with examples including NaCl and quartz. Amorphous solids lack long-range order and have only short-range order, appearing solid-like but with non-definite shapes. Properties discussed include rigidity, compressibility, density, and melting behaviors. Crystalline solids are classified further based on their crystal structure and symmetry.More Related Content
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The document discusses the characteristics of solids and different types of crystalline structures. It describes that solids can be crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a repeating pattern, while amorphous solids only have short-range order. Crystalline solids are further classified as ionic, molecular, metallic or covalent networks based on bonding. Crystals consist of lattice structures with primitive or centered unit cells containing particles in specific arrangements. Close packing of spheres in one, two or three dimensions results in different crystal structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic or hexagonal close packed.Solids - Arrangement of solid particles
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Crystalline solids can be classified into four main categories based on the type of intermolecular forces present: molecular solids, ionic solids, metallic solids, and covalent solids. Molecular solids are further divided into nonpolar, polar, and hydrogen-bonded types. Ionic solids are formed from electrostatic attractions between cations and anions. Metallic solids contain a sea of free electrons that allow for high conductivity. Covalent solids form giant covalent structures with strong directional bonds, making them very hard and with high melting points.Solid state
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The document discusses solid state physics and the properties of solid materials. It explains that solid state physics formulates laws governing the behavior of solids and explores why materials like carbon can exist in different states with varying electrical properties. The document also classifies solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous and discusses crystal structure, lattice, and unit cells - the basic repeating units that make up crystalline solids. Understanding these atomic arrangements is important for explaining the behavior and properties of different materials.Module2
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This document summarizes different types of solids. Crystalline solids have long-range order between particles which gives them distinct properties like sharp melting points and anisotropy. Amorphous solids only have short-range order, making them similar to supercooled liquids with no distinct melting point. Crystalline solids can be classified as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent based on the interactions between particles. Each type of solid has distinct physical properties depending on these interactions.SOLID STATE -XII BY SULEKHA RANI R , PGT CHEMISTRY
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Here are the definitions and differences you asked for:
Short range order - Atoms are arranged in a disordered manner within a small region but this arrangement does not extend over long distances.
Anisotropic - A material whose physical properties vary with the direction of measurement.
Unit cell - The smallest repeating unit that constructs the entire crystal by translation.
Voids - Empty spaces between closely packed spheres in crystal structures. There are two types - octahedral and tetrahedral voids.
Impurity defect - Occurs when an atom of one element replaces an atom of the host element in its normal lattice position.
Monoclinic - Unit cell with two axes at 90 degrees and one axis not at 90 degreesCrystalline solids !
Crystalline solids !Usman Shah
油
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.Solid state chemistry
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The document discusses the crystal structures of materials. It begins by explaining that the properties of some materials are directly related to their crystal structures. For example, magnesium and beryllium have different properties than gold and silver due to differences in their crystal structures. It then lists the key learning objectives which include describing different crystal structures, computing densities, and distinguishing between single crystals and polycrystalline materials. The document goes on to explain common metallic crystal structures like body centered cubic and face centered cubic, as well as non-metallic structures like rock salt and cesium chloride. It also discusses factors that determine crystal structure such as the relative sizes of ions to maximize interactions and maintain charge neutrality.Crystalline solids (group 1)
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There are three main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. Ionic solids are composed of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice. They have properties like high melting points and are brittle. Molecular solids have molecules arranged in a particular configuration, and properties like low melting points and being nonconductors. Metallic solids have metal atoms or ions arranged in patterns, giving properties such as conductivity and malleability. All crystalline solids have constituents ordered in highly organized, repeating microscopic structures extending in three dimensions.Gseb class 12 chemistry sem 3 ch 1 solid state part 1
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This document discusses condensed matter systems and crystalline solids. It describes hard matter as including crystalline solids which can be conductors, semiconductors or insulators, as well as crystalline solids with defects. Soft matter includes colloidal dispersions, polymer melts and solutions, liquid crystals and biomatter. Conductors allow the flow of charges across their surface. Insulators resist current flow. Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators and can control electron flow depending on applied energy. Band theory and band gaps influence the electrical and optical properties of materials.Lecture 03
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The document provides the lecture plan for a solid state chemistry course consisting of 7 lectures. The first lecture will cover basics of solid state including definitions of different types of solids and their properties. Lectures 2-4 will cover simple cubic structure, body centered cubic, closest packing, hexagonal close packing, and cubic close packing structures. Lecture 5 will discuss radius ratio rule and types of ionic structures. Lecture 6 will cover crystal defects and properties of solids. The last lecture will complete the solid state course with discussion.Solid state.pdf
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The document discusses various types of solids and their properties. It describes crystalline solids as having long-range order of particles in a repeating pattern, with examples including NaCl and quartz. Amorphous solids lack long-range order and have only short-range order, appearing solid-like but with non-definite shapes. Properties discussed include rigidity, compressibility, density, and melting behaviors. Crystalline solids are classified further based on their crystal structure and symmetry.Corrosion
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Molecular Orbital Theory adds another layer, with charge transfers and covalent bonds creating color magic. It's like a power duo in a band, where one member (the metal) passes the mic (electrons) to another (the ligand), and voil, a new color is born.
Energy Band Theory talks about how electrons move in a solid, forming bands that determine if a material conducts or not. It's like a traffic system for electrons, with band gaps being the toll booths.
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D-block elements are those elements belonging to groups 3 through 12 that have their last electron entering the d subshell. Transition elements are defined as elements that have partially filled d orbitals. While all transition elements are d-block elements, not all d-block elements are transition elements as some like zinc have a filled d10 configuration. D-block elements form complex compounds by binding metal ions to anions or neutral molecules through available d orbitals. They also commonly show paramagnetism and catalytic properties due to unpaired electrons in their d orbitals.Chemical effects of electric current
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2) Metals also react with water and acids, producing hydrogen gas and salt solutions. More reactive metals like sodium and potassium react violently with water, while less reactive metals do not react or react slowly.
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2) Covalent bonding and metallic bonding are the other two main types of chemical bonding at the atomic level.
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Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are electrically connected in an electrolyte. The more active metal corrodes preferentially as the anode. Three ways to minimize galvanic corrosion are to select metals close together in the galvanic series, insulate contact between dissimilar metals, and apply protective coatings to the more noble metal.d-block elements
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Solid State Class 12 Chemistry RBSE or CBSE
- 2. TYPES OF SOLIDS TYPES OF CRYTALLINE SOLIDS CRYSTAL LATTICE AND UNIT CELL CLOSE PACKING AND EFFICIENCY TYPES VOID IMPERFECTION IN SOLIDS ELECTRICAL AND MEGNATIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
- 3. Molecular Solids Metallic Solids Ionic Solids Covalent Solids Non-Polar Solids (H2, Cl2, CCl4, etc.) Insulator Polar Solids (HCl, NH3, etc.) Insulator but Aqueous Sol. Conduct H-Bonded Solids H2o(s) Bad Conductor (NaCl, ZnS, etc) Insulator but in aqueous form Conductor Electrostatic Forces form Ionic Bond (Cu, Ag, Fe, etc) Conductor Metallic bond (Cu, Ag, Fe, etc) Insulator Covalent Bond
- 4. CRYSTAL LATTICE Regular arrangement of points in 3-D = Crystal Lattice These Points = Lattice Points Total only 14 Possible 3-D lattices are present. These are called Bravais Crystal Lattice.
- 5. UNIT CELL Smallest Portion of Crystal Which is Repeated in different direction and generate the entire lattice called as UNIT CELL. There are 4 types of unit cell. 1 Primitive/Simple unit Cell 2 Body Centered Unit Cell (B.C.C.) 3 Face Centered Unit Cell (F.C.C.) 4 End Face Centered Unit Cell (E.C.C.)
- 10. Edge Lengths a,b,c Interfacial Angles - 留, 硫, 粒
- 11. C TOR HMT Crystal System Edge Length Axial Angle Possible Variations Example CUBIC a=b=c 留=硫=粒=90 3(Simple, BCC, FCC) NaCl, KCl Tetragonal a=b=c 留=硫=粒=90 2(Simple, BCC) SnO2, TiO2 Orthorhombi c a=b=c 留=硫=粒=90 4(Simple, BCC, FCC, ECC) Mg, ZnO Rhombohedr al a=b=c 留=硫=粒=90 1(Simple) HgS, CaCO3 Hexagonal a=b=c 留=硫=90, 粒=120 1(Simple) Graphite Monoclinic a=b=c 留=粒=90, 硫=90 2(Simple, BCC) Monoclinic Sulphur Triclinic a=b=c 留=硫=粒=90 1(Simple) K2Cr2O7