SONET
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SONET/SDH is a standardized protocol that defines optical carrier signals for telecommunications transport. It was developed to transport signals from multiple incompatible networks over fiber optic cables (SONET) or metallic cables (SDH). The key components of SONET include STS multiplexers that combine signals, regenerators that repeat signals to eliminate noise, and add/drop multiplexers that allow signals to enter or exit the network. SONET uses a frame structure with overhead and payload to transport data at specific rates and provides clocking and management functions. SONET networks form rings to provide redundancy and alternate paths for fault tolerance.
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SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a standard telecommunications protocol that allows transmission of multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber and forms the basis for optical carrier transmission systems. Key aspects include:
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SONET
- 1. SONET/SDH By Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya Engineering Funda YouTube Channel E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Optical Communication YT Playlist
- 2. Outline Basics of SONET SONET Devices SONET Structure Operation of SONET SONET Frame SONET Network SONET Applications E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Optical Communication YT Playlist
- 3. Basics of SONET/SDH SONET is Synchronous Optical Network It is optical transmission interface. It was proposed by Bellcore Laboratories and was standardized by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI). A compatible version, referred as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) The major design goals of SONET are: SONET being a synchronous network requires a single clock to handle the timing synchronization and equipment across the network. There should be standardization of fiber optic transmission system equipment's sold by different manufacturers. The physical specification and frame design must include mechanisms that will allow it to carry signals from incompatible tributary systems. SONET is a multiplexed transport mechanism and hence can be the carrier for broadband services such as ATM and B-ISDN. SONET is basically a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System. E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Optical Communication YT Playlist
- 4. SONET Devices There are three basic SONET devices. 1. Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) Multiplexers. 2. Regenerators 3. Add/Drop Multiplexer E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a
- 6. Operation of SONET The STS Multiplexer/Demultiplexer is used for two purposes. It multiplexes signals from various sources into an STS (Synchronous Transport Signal) or it demultiplexes an STS signal into various destination signals. The STS signal passes through a number of regenerators or repeaters while travelling from the source to destination. The regenerators are basically repeaters and are bidirectional devices. They will regenerate the STS applied to them. This will eliminate any effect of additive noise on the quality of transmission. The SONET regenerators function at the data link layer. The add/drop multiplexer is capable of adding signals from various sources or it can remove any signal and redirect demultiplexing the entire multiplexed signal. E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a
- 8. SONET Frame It has total 3*9 = 27 bytes of Administrative overhead. It has total 87*9 = 783 bytes of information. Administrative overhead is again bisected in two parts Section Overhead (3*3 = 9 bytes) It does framing, error monitoring and management function Line Overhead (3*6 = 18 bytes) It provides synchronization, multiplexing and protection switching Frame period is 125袖s. So data rate = 8 * 9 * 87 / 125袖S = 50.122 Mbps E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a
- 9. SONET Network (SONET ring) E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a
- 10. SONET Applications SONET can be used as carrier for ISDN and BISDN SONET can be used as carrier for ATM cells SONET can be used for bandwidth on demand SONET can be used for cable TV networks SONET can be used for T1 and T3 carrier lines E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a