回帰不連続デザイン(Regression Discontinuity Design, RDD)Jaehyun Song
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神戸大学法学研究 政治学方法論特殊講義III(担当: 藤村直史) 報告資料
回帰不連続デザイン(Regression Discontinuity Design, RDD)
報告日:2016年7月8日
( PDF version is also available in http://www.jaysong.net )
This document discusses immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) and the κ/λ ratio. It contains the following key points:
1) FLC are produced in excess of heavy chains by plasma cells and any unbound light chains are known as free light chains.
2) An abnormal κ/λ ratio can indicate a clonal plasma cell disorder like multiple myeloma where either κ or λ chains are predominantly increased.
3) Measurement of FLC and the κ/λ ratio can aid in early diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. It provides better sensitivity than traditional M-protein detection methods.
- Highlighted causes of pruritus in older patients include dry skin due to reduced skin barrier function with age, age-related decline in immunity, and neuropathy.
- Evaluation of pruritus involves assessing severity, location, modifying factors, medications, and performing physical exam to check for signs of dry skin, scabies, or rashes.
- Management depends on identified cause, beginning with treating dry skin, checking for scabies, and using topical steroids or potassium hydroxide if a rash is present. If no rash, further workup and treatment for potential metabolic, endocrine, or neurological causes is warranted.
(1) Cardiac syndrome X refers to chest pain and ST segment depression during exertion despite normal coronary arteries and no other heart disease.
(2) It is thought to be caused by microvascular dysfunction in the coronary arteries. Various factors like diabetes, hypertension, inflammation and estrogen deficiency are associated with endothelial dysfunction and impaired vasodilation.
(3) Diagnosis involves typical angina, evidence of myocardial ischemia on tests like stress electrocardiogram or scintigraphy, and normal coronary arteries on angiography with no other heart condition.
回帰不連続デザイン(Regression Discontinuity Design, RDD)Jaehyun Song
?
神戸大学法学研究 政治学方法論特殊講義III(担当: 藤村直史) 報告資料
回帰不連続デザイン(Regression Discontinuity Design, RDD)
報告日:2016年7月8日
( PDF version is also available in http://www.jaysong.net )
This document discusses immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) and the κ/λ ratio. It contains the following key points:
1) FLC are produced in excess of heavy chains by plasma cells and any unbound light chains are known as free light chains.
2) An abnormal κ/λ ratio can indicate a clonal plasma cell disorder like multiple myeloma where either κ or λ chains are predominantly increased.
3) Measurement of FLC and the κ/λ ratio can aid in early diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. It provides better sensitivity than traditional M-protein detection methods.
- Highlighted causes of pruritus in older patients include dry skin due to reduced skin barrier function with age, age-related decline in immunity, and neuropathy.
- Evaluation of pruritus involves assessing severity, location, modifying factors, medications, and performing physical exam to check for signs of dry skin, scabies, or rashes.
- Management depends on identified cause, beginning with treating dry skin, checking for scabies, and using topical steroids or potassium hydroxide if a rash is present. If no rash, further workup and treatment for potential metabolic, endocrine, or neurological causes is warranted.
(1) Cardiac syndrome X refers to chest pain and ST segment depression during exertion despite normal coronary arteries and no other heart disease.
(2) It is thought to be caused by microvascular dysfunction in the coronary arteries. Various factors like diabetes, hypertension, inflammation and estrogen deficiency are associated with endothelial dysfunction and impaired vasodilation.
(3) Diagnosis involves typical angina, evidence of myocardial ischemia on tests like stress electrocardiogram or scintigraphy, and normal coronary arteries on angiography with no other heart condition.
Cryoglobulinemia is a condition where proteins in the blood called cryoglobulins precipitate or clump together at low temperatures. There are three main types of cryoglobulins:
Type I consists of a single monoclonal immunoglobulin. Type II contains monoclonal rheumatoid factors along with polyclonal immunoglobulins. Type III contains only polyclonal immunoglobulins.
The most common cause of cryoglobulinemia is hepatitis C virus infection, which is associated with type II cryoglobulinemia. Other causes include other infections, autoimmune diseases like Sj?gren's syndrome, hematological cancers, and essential/idiopathic cryoglobulinemia.
Ceftriaxone: 1 g IM once
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1) Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva that covers the sclera and inside of the eyelids.
2) Causes of conjunctivitis include viral (most common), bacterial, allergic, toxic, autoimmune, and tumoral. The most common viruses are adenoviruses.
3) Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, cold compresses
1) Fulminant type 1 diabetes is a subtype of type 1 diabetes that accounts for around 20% of acute-onset type 1 diabetes cases in Japan. It is characterized by a very rapid onset typically within 1 week and associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
2) Genetic factors like certain HLA genotypes are associated with increased risk of developing fulminant type 1 diabetes. Viral infections also seem to trigger onset in many cases.
3) Affected individuals tend to be adults with a mean age of around 40 years. Fulminant type 1 diabetes results in almost complete loss of insulin secretion and pancreatic beta cell mass within a short period.
Scleroderma Renal Crisis (SRC) is a malignant hypertension and acute renal failure that can occur in scleroderma patients. It typically affects 5% of scleroderma patients, mainly those with the diffuse type. Pathology shows thickened endothelial cells in blood vessels resembling onion skin. SRC is triggered by factors that further reduce renal blood flow in patients who already have renal hypoperfusion. Early diagnosis and treatment with ACE inhibitors has greatly improved prognosis for SRC. Risk factors include diffuse skin involvement, rapid skin progression, disease duration less than 4 years, recent cardiac events, steroid use over 15mg/day.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by persistent pain that occurs after trauma and is disproportionate to the inciting event. It involves pain, swelling, sweating changes, and motor dysfunction localized to limbs, often impairing social reintegration. CRPS is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms in 3 of 4 categories (sensory, vasomotor, sudomotor/edema, motor/trophic) and signs in 2 categories. While diagnostic criteria lack sensitivity and specificity, the Budapest criteria improved accuracy with 2 symptom and 2 sign categories required. CRPS may involve 3 stages defined by increasing pain, dysfunction and trophic changes, though distinct stages are not validated.
- Whipple's disease is a rare infection caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. It was first reported in 1907 but the bacterium was not identified until 1991 and not cultured until 2000.
- Classic symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, arthralgia or arthritis. Neurological involvement occurs in 10-40% of cases and can include cognitive changes, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, and altered consciousness.
- T. whipplei can also cause heart infections in 17-55% of cases, with infiltration of the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Endocarditis from T. whipplei is a potential cause of sudden
Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are types of myeloproliferative neoplasms characterized by increased red blood cells in PV and increased platelets in ET. Both can involve increased white blood cells and risk of thrombosis, spleen enlargement, itching, and progression to acute myeloid leukemia or myelofibrosis. PV and ET involve an acquired abnormal clone with mutations in genes like JAK2 and MPL. The document discusses diagnostic criteria and distinguishing PV and ET from secondary causes of increased red blood cells or platelets. Bone marrow testing is often not required if criteria are met.
1) Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early postural instability and vertical gaze palsy.
2) It is more common than previously thought and often misdiagnosed initially as Parkinson's disease or other conditions.
3) Diagnosis relies on clinical features including early falls, slowed vertical eye movements, and a characteristic stare known as the "Mona Lisa" gaze.
This document discusses pyogenic liver abscess, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, microbiology, and relationships to hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Some key points:
- Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common causative organism, especially in Asia.
- Risk factors include diabetes, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B/C infection, and older age.
- Pathogenesis can involve biliary tract infection, hematogenous spread, or direct invasion.
- In some cases, liver abscess may be an initial manifestation of underlying hepatocellular carcinoma or metastasis from colorectal cancer.
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet count due to increased platelet destruction and impaired production. The bone marrow findings in ITP show increased immature megakaryocytes with scant cytoplasm and absent lobulation in the nucleus. Dysplastic megakaryocytes with separated nuclei and micromegakaryocytes are also seen. Megakaryocytes in ITP frequently show emperipolesis of lymphocytes or lymphocytes and nucleated red blood cells within the cytoplasm. These bone marrow findings are sensitive and specific for diagnosing ITP.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a potentially reversible cause of dementia. It is characterized by a triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment. Gait disturbance is the most common and responsive to treatment, making "treatable gait disorder" a more accurate description. Diagnosis requires imaging evidence of ventricle enlargement without obstruction and presence of at least two of the three clinical symptoms. Compared to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, NPH shows more prominent enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle on MRI. Lumbar puncture typically shows normal opening pressure. Shunt surgery can improve symptoms if performed early.
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. MSA is pathologically classified into MSA-P and MSA-C subtypes based on predominant symptoms. Diagnostic criteria require autonomic dysfunction with either parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia, along with supportive MRI or neuroimaging findings. Compared to Parkinson's disease, MSA has a poorer prognosis with average survival of 7-9 years after onset.
This document summarizes causes of eosinophilia, including:
1) It classifies causes of eosinophilia as primary (clonal, idiopathic) or secondary. Secondary causes include infections, tissue invasion by parasites, drugs, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies.
2) Common primary causes include hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), and myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with eosinophilia such as those involving FIP1L1-PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, and KIT mutations.
3) Secondary causes discussed include parasitic infections, fungal infections, HIV, drugs
Pneumocystis carinii is a fungus that can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. It exists in four forms - trophozoite, cyst, precyst, and sporozoite. The cyst form can be detected using stains like Giemsa, Papanicolaou, and Grocott staining under a microscope. Diagnosis is usually made by identifying the organism in samples obtained via bronchoscopy such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or transbronchial biopsy. Common symptoms include dry cough, fever, night sweats, and shortness of breath. Chest imaging may show diffuse ground glass opacities or nodules. Blood tests such as measuring beta-D-gluc
17. Am J Med 2010;123:913-21
? 大動脈弁peak velocityと心雑音
? AV peak velocity <1.3m/secでは19%, ≥4m/secでは100%
Systolic murmurを聴取する.
Murmurの部位とvelocityの値は以下の通り.
Isolated base 1.3-2.1m/sec
Isolated apical, small apical-base 1.5-2.5m/sec
The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 123, No 10, October 2010
broad apical-base ≥2.1m/sec
Figure 1 The 6 murmur patterns are distinguished by their distribution with respect to
a key landmark, the 3rd left parasternal interspace (indicated by “?” on each drawing).
Two patterns (broad apical-base pattern and small apical-base pattern, top 2 rows) extend
above and below this landmark, usually to both sides of the sternum. The “broad apical-
base” pattern extends at least from the ?rst right parasternal space to the apex (ie, 4th
The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 123, No 10, October 2010
intercostal space at the midclavicular line [MCL]), whereas the “small apical base” pattern
does not extend this far. Three patterns are con?ned entirely below this landmark (left
lower sternal pattern, broad apical pattern, and isolated apical pattern, 3rd through 5th
rows); 1 pattern is con?ned entirely above this landmark (isolated base pattern, bottom
row). The vertical line over the left chest in each drawing depicts the MCL.
dings increasing the probability of mitral irregular rhythm, and chaotic pulse rhythm (ie, atrial ?bril-
Figure 1 The 6 murmur patterns are nd distinguished by their distribution with respect to
s 2.9-4.7) are a loud S2 at the left 2 lation). Findings supporting a diagnosis of signi?cant tri-
a key landmark, the 3rd left parasternal interspace (indicated by “?” on each drawing).
unchanging murmur intensity despite an small apical-base pattern, top 2 rows) extendare early systolic out-
Two patterns (broad apical-base pattern and
cuspid regurgitation (LRs 10.9-31.4)
above and below this landmark, usually to both sides of the sternum. The “broad apical-
th