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P R O P O N E N T S : G R O U P 2 ( G 2 : G A G O 2 )
NIPA PALM JUVENILE SHOOT: AN
ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR
PAPER PRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS
SCOPE
• Introduction
On a worldwide scale, paper is one of the most
obvious culprits of deforestation since paper is made from
trees. Companies in the pulp and paper industry leave an
unacceptably large economical footprint on the planet due
to irresponsible harvesting from natural forests, and
establishments of pulp plantations on converted natural
forests which threaten fragile ecosystems and species,
and cause soil erosion (Bajpai 2018).

SCOPE
Significantly, there are many alternative cellulosic
fibers to lessen the amount of woods cultivated such as
non-wood fibers like bananas, cottons, pineapples, and
nipa palms. Moreover, they are recyclable and
biodegradable thus, they are widely used in many
countries and has significant importance in terms of
overall volume and a percentage of total pulp supply.

SCOPE
Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is a non-wood, pleonanthic
lignocellulose trunk-less palm which thrives at the edges of rivers
where water is brackish, sheltered or open mudflats and in inland
swamps reach by tidal water (Encendencia, 1985). Nipa has a wide
diversity of use. Traditionally it is used as roof materials, cigarette
wrapper, and medicine and its sap is fermented to alcohol (Tsuji
2011). In Philippines, nipa has numerous economic uses and the
most common of which are the production of sap for wine and
vinegar and the use of its leaves as thatching materials for rural
houses, green sheds, rest cottages, and other small buildings.
Furthermore, the locals are harvesting this palm or leave both
juvenile leaves and mature leaves.

SCOPE
A paper based product typically contains 90-99%
cellulose fibers which are the primary structural element and the
most important component influencing its properties. Paper is
the binding force that helps our information age to proceed
further and conquer new frontiers. However, these essential
good is sourced from renewable source which is forest trees.
Paper consumption was expected to go down steadily within the
onset of the electronic age, but is nowhere near reduction.
Further, the conventional method of paper making is highly
polluting which uses enormous chemicals for treating the wood
fibers to form pulp, and in the process of getting papers of
acceptable properties (Neimo 1999).

SCOPE
Nipa palm or scientifically known as Nypa fruticans is a
new plant studied for its fiber potential as reinforcement in
natural fiber composites. (Canna and Jaya, 2020). The covered
fronds with its shoots are spongy and light compared to the
upper fronds making it to be the candidate for the making of
various usable materials such as papers, wrappers, and other
items that could be cultivated when juvenile fronds and shoots
are processed correctly. Nipa palms are used due to their
abundance as a source of low-cost fibers and because they are
one of the exploitable source of fibers in certain geographical
areas. Moreover, the great variety of characteristics, cellulosic
dimensions, and chemical composition of this alternative raw
material give them the great potential to produce different types
of paper (Eugenio 2019).

SCOPE
As to address the recurring challenge of helping in
decreasing the fast-growing consumption of woods and its
growing rate of destruction to forests dues to the
cultivation of woods as primary ingredient in production of
paper, the need to expose and determine the potential
chance of nipa palms (juvenile fronds and shoots) as the
substitute raw material for paper making using the
methodology that best suits this case are of great help.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
• Conceptual Framework
Color
MODERATING VARIABLE
Methods/processes applied on
each of the trials.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between variables in the study.

SCOPE
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to establish Nipa palm’s suitability
specifically its juvenile shoots as the alternative ingredient
for paper making.
Specifically, it sought to answer the question;
• Is there a significant difference in the paper quality in
terms of stiffness, texture, and color considering the
different methods/processes applied on each of the
trials?

SCOPE
Hypothesis
• HI₁:There is a significant difference in the paper quality
in terms of stiffness, texture, and color considering the
different methods/processes applied on each of the
trials.
•
• HO₁: There is no significant difference in the paper
quality in terms of stiffness, texture, and color
considering the different methods/processes applied on
each of the trials.

SCOPE
Significance of the Study
• It will provide benefit for the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) in the sense that nipa palm
as the substitute raw material for paper making helps them to
utilize nipa palms and making them an essential natural
resources for its usefulness, safe, and low-cost for paper
making.
•
• The Department of Education (DepEd) especially teachers
could use this innovation in the sense of using papers made
of nipa for decorations and visual aids when teaching and
also offering this to the learners to allow them explore and
create school activities utilizing the usefulness of the product

SCOPE
• The Paper manufacturers can produce less costly papers that
would decrease their capital and increase their profit.
• The Locals are given the chance to earn through producing and
manufacturing paper products made from abundant resources within
the area.
• The Future Researchers could utilize the findings of this study
which will serve as their reference to those who will attempt to
conduct researches similar to this study.
• Also, the forest itself will be helped in the sense of reducing or
halting the deforestation done by paper making industries making
the forest heal and recover.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method
To determine whether nipa palms (Nypa fruticans) can be used
as an alternative raw material for paper production, this study used a
quantitative study utilizing true experimental research method that
aimed to ascertain the paper quality made of Nipa juvenile shoots as
well as whether or not it is an environmentally acceptable substitute
for common resources like wood and bamboo.
Research Design
To determine how much of an improvement in paper quality
there would be, this study used an experimental research design.
Researchers had performed series of trials (accumulated a total of
three trials) utilizing the Nipa palm to be the new alternative raw
material to produce a paper.

CHAPTER III
Data Collection and Sampling Procedure
INGREDIENTS
• Chopped nipa juvenile shoots
• Tap water
• Caustic Soda (Sodium hydroxide)
• Bleaching agent
•
•
MATERIALS
• Cutleries and cooking utensils
• Blender
• Molder (wooden frame)
• Bucket (Basin)
• Rollers
• Scissors
• Metal gauge tester

CHAPTER III
Step-by-Step Procedure
The following is the step-by step process in making
the Nipa paper from Nipa shoots.
I. Collection of Nipa juvenile fronds and shoots.

II. Parting of Nipa juvenile fronds and shoots. This
includes the assortment of juvenile fronds and shoot from
the matured ones. The juvenile parts should be used for
the production since their fibers are softer whereas the
matured fronds are hard and tensile
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
III. Breaking and peeling down of the juvenile shoots.
The shoots were broken and peeled down for easy
manipulation of the raw material.

IV. Chopping, drying, and soaking. The nipa juvenile
shoots were measured and cut into 1-2 inches in length in
order for the material to be clean and neat in their sizes.
Below are the materials of each of the trials and what
method being used on them.
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
TRIAL METHOD TIME
Trial 1 Drying of shoots under the Sun 12 hours
Trial 2 Soaking of shoots in the water 12 hours
Trial 3 Soaking of shoots in a bleaching agent 12 hours

CHAPTER III
V. Pulping. The pieces of the raw material were cooked
together with a caustic soda for 2 hours until it softens.

VI. Converting of chemical pulp. The cooked chemical
pulps were rinsed and blended in an electric blender with
the specific time duration of each of the trials.
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
Trial Time/ duration of the blending procedure
Resulted chemical pulp
Trial 1 2 minutes

Trial 2 3 minutes
Trial 3 5 minutes
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
VII. Sheet making and molding.

VIII. Drying of the molded pulp. The molds were dried
under the sun until all the excess water were gone. After
the drying process, the pulp sheets were collected.
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
IX. Testing of texture. The material was tested depending
on the surface it had attained after the process. The
material was evaluated either having a smooth, rough,
bumpy, or furry texture.
X. Testing of thickness.

XI. Differentiating of Color. The materials were
differentiated according to the different colors they have
attained after the processes. In relation, they will be
determined from dark-colored appearance up to light-
colored appearance.
CHAPTER III

DATA CATEGORIZATION
In analyzing the paper quality, the nipa papers were determined
through their thickness, color, and texture. In testing the thickness, a metal
gauge tester was used. It is a hand held device used to determine the
thickness of materials in millimeters. Succeeding, the nipa papers are then
classified either thick or thin sheets (sheet measured ranging from 0 mm to
0.2 mm was considered thin and sheet measured ranging from 0.3 mm to 0.5
mm was considered thick). Following, the sheets were examined by their color
either having a dark brown, light brown, and yellow to white appearance.
Lastly, this study also considered the texture of the products of the three trials.
The sheets were classified either having a rough, bumpy, furry, and smooth
composition. Results then determined whichever in three nipa paper sheets
is/are accepted to be the new and alternative paper to commercial type of
papers.
•
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS
Problem. Is there a significant difference in the paper quality in
terms of thickness, texture, and color considering the different
methods/processes applied on each of the trials?
Stiffness
Upon the testing of the thickness of the Nipa papers using a
Metal Gauge Tester, it was shown that the Nipa papers from the three
trials acquired their different thickness. The nipa paper from trial 1 and
trial 2 procedures had their thickness of 0.4 mm and 0.3 mm. Trial 3
on the other hand produced a paper with a thickness of 0.1 mm. to
interpret, nipa papers from Trial 1 and Trial 2 are considered to be
thick while the nipa paper from Trial 3 is considered to be thin.
•

CHAPTER IV
Trial 1: 4 mm Trial 2: 3mm Trial 3: 1 mm

Trial Thickness (mm) Interpretation (thick or thin)
Trial 1 0.4 mm Thick
Trial 2 0.3 mm Thick
Trial 3 0.1 mm Thin
CHAPTER IV

Color
Base on the presented table, Trial 1 produced a dark
brown appearance, Trial 2 produced a light brown sheet
and lastly, a yellow-colored paper sheet was produced in
the 3rd Trial.
CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER IV
Trial 1: (Dark brown) Trial 2: (Light brown)
Trial 3: (Yellow)

Trial
Color (appearance)
Dark brown Light brown Yellow to White
Trial 1 /
Trial 2 /
Trial 3 /
CHAPTER IV
Figure 2: Evaluation Table for Classifying the Color

Texture
In this testing method, the Nipa sheets were
evaluated the surface they had attained after the process.
On Trial 1, the nipa sheet is rough, bumpy, and furry to
touch. The 2nd Trial however leaded to a bumpy and furry
surface. Ensuing, Trial 3 produced a nipa sheet with a
smooth surface.
CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER IV
Trial 1: (Rough, Bumpy, Furry)
Trial 3: (Smooth)
Trial 2: (Bumpy, Furry)

Trial Texture (Composition)
Rough Bumpy Furry Smooth
Trial 1 / / /
Trial 2 / /
Trial 3 /
CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This innovation about Nipa palm shoot: An
alternative raw material for paper production was made to
find alternate organic papers to replace the use of woods
as these resources accumulate couple of years to grow
and most of the time, trees aren’t replaced with a new one
after cutting hundreds of them. The world we are living in
today is at the danger on the depletion of the natural
resources, hence the conduct of this study. Moreover, the
study sought to answer the question;

Is there a significant difference in the paper quality in
terms of thickness ness, texture, and color considering the
different methods/processes applied on each of the trials?
Findings
The use of the raw material specifically Nipa palm
shoots could be possibly be the newest alternative source
of paper production as this palm has the same organic
substance (fiber, generally composed of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin) to trees that are manufactured in
paper making.
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In terms of the thickness of the nipa paper sheets, Trial
1 and Trial 2 only accumulated a blending duration for
about 2 to 3 minutes while Trial 3 has a 5-minute time
duration of blending the chemical pulp. Results revealed
that the less time a chemical pulp will be blended in an
electric blender, the nipa paper sheet will be thicker as it
dries because the fibers of the pulp are not grinded finely.
But in a brighter side, thick nipa papers can be
manufactured as eco-friendly bags as they are reliable
which can possibly carry an amount of load due to its
thickness.
•
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

2. For the appearance it turns out that each trial produced different colors
of nipa paper sheets. The produced paper from Trial 1 is dark brown, Trial
2 is light brown, and Trial 3 is yellow. The reason behind their variation in
colors was due to the methods applied. Before manufacturing, the
chopped nipa shoots in Trial 1 were dried under the sun for about 12
hours giving a tan appearance to the shoots. Chopped nipa shoots on
Trial 2 were soaked in tap water for 12 hours giving the shoots a pale
orange appearance. Lastly, chopped nipa shoots on Trial 3 were soaked
in a bleaching agent for about 12 hours making the shoots very white.
Overall, nipa paper sheets from Trial 1 and Trial 2 can be compared to a
Kraft paper- a type of paper made of wood that doesn’t involve in external
bleaching during manufacturing having a dark brown to light brown
appearance. The nipa paper sheet form the 3rd Trial can be compared to a
Manila paper- buff paper made of abaca and an inexpensive type of
paper generally made through a less refined process.
•
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

3. The texture of the nipa paper sheets describe the
surface characteristics that affects the feel of the paper. To
begin with, the texture of the paper from the 1st Trial is
rough, bumpy, and furry. The paper on the 2nd trial is
bumpy and furry and the paper from the 3rd Trial is
smooth. The results can be figured out due to the methods
that the researchers applied specifically in blending of the
chemical pulp. The chemical pulp from Trial 1 was only
blended for about 2 minutes, Trial 2 for 3 minutes, and
Trial 3 for 5 minutes. This shows that the higher duration a
chemical pulp be blended, the finer the chemical pulp
would be grinded.
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
This research obtained the knowledge that the use
of Nipa palm shoot in the production of paper is possible.
It offers chances with regards on less use of woods. Raw
material is abundant in the area which could serve as a
livelihood program to the residents of the aforementioned
municipality that offers more job to the citizens, decreasing
the rate of the unemployed. Moreover, the amount of trees
being cut on forests will eliminated.
•
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation
With regards to the study, the following recommendations
should be taken account:
The mass production of Nipa papers should be subjected for
further analysis.
1. Try to use other organic raw materials as substitute for Nipa
papers made of woods such as rice straws, corn pericarps
(outer covering that protects the kernels), and bagasse (pulpy
fibrous material that remains after crushing of the sugarcane).
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS

GOODLUCK SA INYONG RESEARCH GUYS. PAG UNA
LANG SA MO OG FINAL DEFENSE KAY MGA MF MAN
MO. IN SHORT SIPSIP HAHAHAHA. BITAW KUNG
MAKAGRADUATE MAN GANI MO GUSTO KO NGA
SPECIAL VISITOR KO SA INYONG BALAY.
HINAOT UNTA NGA MADAGMA MO SA PAGSAKA SA
STAGE. NASA AKIN ANG HULING HALAKHAK. I WILL
CLAIM IT! IN SATAN’S NAME, FUCKERS
- MAEVIE THE PRETTY

GWAPA KAAYO SI MAEVIE ABITONA NGA FUTURE
EDUCATOR SA MATH. AYAWG LIMOD KAY BASIN OG
TUK ON NAKO NA IMONG ILONG. CHARRRRR
HAHAHAHHAHA. KUNG MAKAGRADUATE PUHON,
MO TAMBAY SA KO KADYOT KAY GUSTO NAKO MA
EXPERIENCE KUNG UNNSAY KINABUHI SA TAMBAY.
DILI NAKO GANAHAN MA STRESS OY. SAKTO NA
NING MAGHILAK TA SA KA STRESS. GIKAPOY NA
KAAYO KO SA AKONG KAGWAPA MAONG GANAHAN
NA POD NAKO MA EXPERIENCE KUNG UNSA NANG
MAOT TA CHARRRRRRR HEHEHEHEEHE. JOKE RA
DIAY ANG TANAN

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