SymbolicInteraction.Part1of3

Jan 9, 20092 likes547 views

This document provides an introduction to symbolic interactionism by outlining its origins and key concepts. It originated as a reaction against behaviorism, which viewed human behavior as responses to environmental stimuli. Symbolic interactionism posits that humans act based on the meanings they assign to things through social interaction. It discusses the early influences of George Herbert Mead and the development of symbolic interactionism as an approach. Examples of its influence in different fields like anthropology, sociology and communication studies are also mentioned.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION An Introduction Part 1 of 3 2007 Enid Sefcovic, Ph.D. These slides have been created using Microsoft Word 2003 and accessory graphics and are not a template. I have done my best to use no material, other than that which is appropriate to use under Fair Use laws and to provide full attributions. If I have inadvertently overlooked anything, you may notify me at [email_address]

INTRODUCTION ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL STUDIES SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PHILOSOPHY COMMUNICATION STUDIES ARE INTERDISCIPLINARY

Origin of symbolic interaction Review of terms and models Examples of influence of this approach PREVIEW

ORIGIN OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/centcats/fac/fac_img25.html Mead, G. H. and Norris, C. (1967). Mind, self, and society: from the standpoint of a social behaviorist [new edition]. Chicago, University of Chicago Press

A reaction against behaviorism Three premises The Payne Fund Study DEVELOPMENT of SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

John B. Watson Watson, E. (1999). John B. Watson. New Concord, OH: Muskingum College Department of Psychology. Accessed October 20, 2007 at http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/watson.htm B. F. Skinner Vargas, J. S. [daughter]. (2006). A brief biography of B. F. Skinner and A brief survey or operant behavior. Accessed October 20, 2007 at Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation at http://www.bfskinner.org/aboutbfskinner.html BEHAVIORISM http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Skinner.htm

For an excellent review of the philosophical and methodological roots and development of behaviorism, see: Graham, G. (2000/2007). Behaviorism. In Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy . Accessed October 20, 2007 at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/ BEHAVIORISM

You will find no better introduction to symbolic interactionist thought than Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method . Berkely, CA: University of California Press. Quotation from: De Vore, C., Bergren, C, and Lynch, D. Elephant man [screenplay]. Accessed October 21, 2007 at http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/e/elephant-man-script-screenplay.html 'I am not an animal'

EARLY COMMUNICATION MODELS www.jerf.org/writings/communicationEthics/node4.html Model by E. Sefcovic, Ph.D. S stimulus sender R response receiver

TRIANGLE OF MEANING CONCEPT (thought) Barthes, R., visually depicted by E. Sefcovic REFERENT (thing itself) SIGN

El documento trata sobre la semiótica de la imagen. Define la semiótica como la ciencia que estudia los sistemas de comunicación dentro de las sociedades humanas. Explica que una imagen está compuesta por signos distribuidos en un espacio plano que se determinan en base a juicios visuales y que se estructuran mediante el significante y el significado. Finalmente, analiza dos ejemplos de anuncios publicitarios identificando los signos y mensajes que transmiten.

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Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors through social interaction. It analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings given by individuals, who behave based on their own interpretations rather than objective reality. The theory was pioneered by George Herbert Mead and developed further by Herbert Blumer, who outlined its three basic premises: that people act based on the meanings they ascribe to things, that meanings arise from social interaction, and are modified through interpretation. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes symbols, social construction of meaning, and the roles people play.

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This document discusses several key concepts in symbolic interactionism, including that people develop meaning through language and communication with others, and that people interpret symbols based on their own thought processes and by imagining how others view them. It provides examples of how female miners constructed their identities in response to the stigmatizing views of masculinity held by male miners when women first entered the mining industry in the 1970s.

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Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level social theory that focuses on how people learn culture and how culture structures everyday experiences through symbolic meanings. It originated in the 1920s at the University of Chicago. George H. Mead was influential in arguing that the human mind develops through social interaction and the use of symbols to create shared meanings. He believed that symbols, developed socially, act as filters that allow people to understand themselves, others, and society. Later theorists like Blumer built upon Mead's work to outline three core premises of symbolic interactionism: that people act based on the meanings of things in their environment, those meanings come from social interactions, and meanings are interpreted and modified during social encounters.

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This presentation discusses symbolic interactionism and its key concepts. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the symbolic meanings that people develop and rely on in social interaction. It analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings people impose on objects, events, and behaviors. The main postulate is that human beings have the capacity for thought, which is shaped by social interaction and the learned meanings and symbols that allow people to act and interpret situations.

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Alageel 3 References: Antheunis, M. L., Schouten, A. P., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2012). Interactive uncertainty reduction strategies and verbal affection in Computer-Mediated Communication. Communication Research, 39(6), 757-780. Burgoon, J. K., Bonito, J., Ramirez, A. , Jr., Dunbar, N., Kam, K., & Fischer, J. (2002). Testing the interactivity principle: Effects of mediation, propinquity, and verbal and nonverbal modalities in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Communication, 52(3), 657-677. Mcmahan, E. M. (1976). Nonverbal communication as a function of attribution in impression formation. Communication Monographs, 43(4), 287-294. Miczo, N., Segrin, C., & Allspach, L. E. (2001). R etw nonverbal sensitivity, encoding, and relational satisfaction. ommunication Reports 14 ), 39-48. Ray, G. B., & Floyd, K. (2006). Nonverbal expressions o Ikmg and disliking in initial interaction: Encoding and decoding perspectives. Southern Communication Journal, 71(1), 45-65. Alageel 2 IV: Type of nonverbal usage, such as physical touch, eye contact, written words if provided, etc. The chosen topic for the research proposal will be about the nonverbal communication Impact on friendships and romantic relationships. e reason for choosing the topic is to check how the nonverb commumca iffer d how unication style is lookat the studies that are already discussedpre There are a lot of ways to express the nonverbal interactions in different situations, y. such as expressing emotions at first time and later meetings, showing preferences, using socimedia later for exampling, etc. The fo thefuture paperis-to ow nonverbal commun•cation was examined in many studies in different situations and what are at the studies came up with to be applied in future research as for discovering different points of view in interactions between people in relational experiences. As of how to form expresstons er al cues from initial meeting and future meetings. The targeted people in the research will be included from both genders at an adult age starting at 18 years and above. Looking at Ray and Floyd (2006) is an example of a study for showing the preferences in nonverbal emotions. Li previous research while later sources will be provided throughout the process. The provided (\ research questions and variables are the building focus that is going to be tested for the research o application regarding nonverbal communication settings. S-UV,— does the firstlimpression make an impact in friendships and romantic r ionships? D Gender Reaction towards the act. SOCIAL NETWORKING EFFECTS 3 Running head: SOCIAL NETWORKING EFFECTS The Impact of Social Networking Media on Adolescents Student Name Arizona State University The Impact of Social Networking Media on Adolescents In recent years, a rapid increase in technology has changed the way people communicat.

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This article provides a critical analysis of Albert Bandura's 1963 paper that introduced the social learning theory of aggression. It summarizes Bandura's classic Bobo doll experiment which found that children who observed aggressive behavior were more likely to exhibit aggression themselves. While praising Bandura's influential work, it also notes shortcomings of the original study. Finally, it discusses how social learning theory has been applied to understand factors like gender and media influences on aggression.

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NO PLAGERISM, DO NOT TURN IN PAPERS USED ONLINE OR SOLD TO SOMEONE ELSE. OUR instructor thoroughly checks them through a system and through sources cited!!! Instructor Instructions: FOLLOW DETAILS EXACTLY!! This writing assignment falls under the category of literature reviews.��I have attached an example of how they are written.��Yours will not have to be this long, but this is WHAT I HAVE IN MIND. Follow instructions carefully! Write a paper from five pages in length on the subject of “dealing with the effects of��texting��on driving”. You should synthesize (meaning combine elements of several sources—to help you make a point. Synthesizing is a matter of pulling various sources together into harmony. It is the ability to combine clearly and coherently the ideas of more than one source with your own) the findings of at least four psychology journal articles. ��One source of these articles is��ProQuest��Psychology journals data base found on the library database area. I have included the link below for this article to use as ONE of the FOUR REQUIRED!! This is part of the instructor’s REQUIREMENTS!! http://gateway.proquest.com.zeus.tarleton.edu:82/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:10027727 You must cite sources inside the paper in CORRECT APA FORMAT!! Also, INCLUDE the sources and URL’s on the cite sources page! Ps choto icul Bulletin 19%, vå. 73, No. 4, 258-302 ALTRUISM—AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE I DENNIS L. KREBS Harvard University Literature relating to altruism is reviewed. It is suggested that the study of altruism is important at three levels: as it relates to the main goal of socialization, to a core attribute of personality, and to theories concerned with human nature. The concept of altruism is examined. Independent variables associated with altruism are organized in a 2 X 4 framework on the basis of the source of experimental measurement and level of generality. Characteristics of the benefactor and characteristics of the recipient are categorized as state variables, trait variables, social roles and demographic attributes, and characteristics influenccd by social norms. Research at each level is critically reviewed. Positive and negative affective states, and states induced by the observation of models are found to influence the altruism of benefactors; and dependency and interpersonal attractiveness are found to influence the altruism-eliciting capacity of recipients. Research relevant to personality traits is criticized. Effects are found for sex, age, ordinal position, social class, and nationality in relation to benefactors, and for friendship status, ingroup affiliation, and social class in relation to recipients. The normative level of analysis is criticized. 278 DENNIS L. KREBS ALTRUISM 259 In 1956 Louis J. Budd reviewed the history of a "forgotten aspect of social thought" in America. He concluded that although con ...

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PSY 294: RESEARCH DESIGN & ANALYSIS II LECTURE 4: Research Process and Introduction Writing 2 Variables in Experiments Independent variables Dependent variables Continuous Measured Confounding variables Control variables Random variables Discrete/ categorical variables Manipulated (Quasi= measured) Between or within-subjects Overview of The Research Process 3 The Research Process Research topic & literature review Research question Hypothesis Design selection & method preparation Data collection Data analysis Data interpretation 4 How are results published? Academic journals Research talks & posters at conferences Talks at own department/university Talks at other universities 5 AN Introduction to scientific writing in psychology: APA style 6 What is apa style? A set of rules and guidelines Writing style (e.g., clear communication, professional tone, reducing bias in language) Structure of manuscript Paraphrasing/citing sources Mechanics of writing Layout Reporting design, findings Ethical guidelines 7 Goal of scientific writing “The main objective of scientific reporting is clear communication.” (APA Manual, p. 65) Objectivity Clarity Professional tone Minimize bias Preciseness Thoroughness 8 WRITING APPROACH You are making an evidence-based, systematic argument No common sense statements that cannot (or are not) supported by evidence You are also telling a coherent, gradual story Organization is key 9 WRITING STYLE 1. Don’t give life to what is inanimate 2. Use active voice & first person 3. Find the most direct ways of conveying the message 4. Use the fewest number of words without altering the content 5. Watch out for too extreme/conclusive language 10 great words to use The extent to which Plausible Potential Tend to be Investigate Explore Conduct Rather Suggest, imply Recent work/research Is likely/unlikely to be Specifically, particularly Hence, thus, therefore That is Given that, as Whereas Although, even though It therefore appears that May/may not be We believe, hypothesize, argue, predict Important, essential, key Nevertheless, however, regardless Based on 11 WORDS TO AVOID Confirm, prove, truth Definitely, completely, absolutely, totally, always Extremely, very A lot People are (instead, say “Some may be”) Fascinating Look at/into (instead, say “investigate”) Throughout time, since the beginning of time In today’s society, nowadays, today, these days A person’s X (instead, say “people’s X”) 12 common mistakes Participants, NOT subjects Study vs. Experiment “Data” is a plural noun While = happening simultaneously (use “whereas”) Since = only time (e.g., since 2012; use “given that” or “although”) Effect = noun, affect = verb They/their = plural (subject-verb agreement!) Never use “he” “him” as default Than = comparison, then = time sequence Its = possessive, it’s = it is Participant’s/author’s = singular, participa ...

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APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad) Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008). This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2010). Arman Haddad Professor Andrews Psychology 101 14 October XXXX Patterns of Gender-Related Differences in Online Communication: An Annotated Bibliography Bruckman, A. S. (1993). Gender swapping on the Internet. Proceedings of INET '93. Retrieved from http://www.cc .gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping -bruckman.pdf In this brief analysis, Bruckman investigates the perceptions of males and females in electronic environments. She argues that females (or those posing as females) receive an inordinate amount of unwanted sexual attention and offers of assistance from males. She also suggests that females (and sexually unthreatening males) are welcomed more willingly than dominant males into virtual communities. She concludes that behavior in electronic forums is an exaggerated reflection of gender stereotypes in real-life communication. The article is interesting and accessible, but it is quite old, and it relies almost entirely on quotations from four anonymous forum participants. Crowston, C., & Kammerer, E. (1998). Communicative style and gender differences in computer-mediated communications. In B. Ebo (Ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class, and gender on the Internet (pp. 185-203). Westport, CT: Praeger. This brief study examines how the dominant Gender and Online Communication 1 Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and effective writing. In APA style, each entry begins at the left margin; subsequent lines indent 1⁄2". The annotation begins on a new line and is indented 1⁄2". Summary is followed by a short evaluation of the source that notes its age and questionable research technique. Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008). communication style (masculine versus feminine) of an online discussion group affects men’s and women’s desire to participate. The findings, while limited, provide evidence that in fact both women and men were less interested in joining forums that were dominated by masculine-style language. These findings seem to contradict the pronounced gender inequality found in the other sources in this bibliography. Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford, England: Blackwell. Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for women online. She points out that, although more than half of Web users in the United States are women, men continue to dominate technical roles such as network administrators, programmers, and Web masters. Even in anonymous online settings, males tend to dominate discussions. And online “anonymity,” argues Herring, may not really be possible: Writing.

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The document is an annotated bibliography by Arman Haddad for a psychology course. It summarizes and evaluates 14 sources that examine patterns of gender differences in online communication. The sources investigate how gender influences language styles, participation rates, and behaviors in computer-mediated environments. Many find that traditionally masculine communication styles, such as aggression and dominance, prevail online and women tend to receive unwanted sexual attention. However, the impact of gender is complex and depends on factors like group composition and identity cues.

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SymbolicInteraction.Part1of3

1. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION An Introduction Part 1 of 3 2007 Enid Sefcovic, Ph.D. These slides have been created using Microsoft Word 2003 and accessory graphics and are not a template. I have done my best to use no material, other than that which is appropriate to use under Fair Use laws and to provide full attributions. If I have inadvertently overlooked anything, you may notify me at [email_address]

2. INTRODUCTION ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL STUDIES SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PHILOSOPHY COMMUNICATION STUDIES ARE INTERDISCIPLINARY

3. Origin of symbolic interaction Review of terms and models Examples of influence of this approach PREVIEW

4. ORIGIN OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/centcats/fac/fac_img25.html Mead, G. H. and Norris, C. (1967). Mind, self, and society: from the standpoint of a social behaviorist [new edition]. Chicago, University of Chicago Press

5. A reaction against behaviorism Three premises The Payne Fund Study DEVELOPMENT of SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

6. John B. Watson Watson, E. (1999). John B. Watson. New Concord, OH: Muskingum College Department of Psychology. Accessed October 20, 2007 at http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/watson.htm B. F. Skinner Vargas, J. S. [daughter]. (2006). A brief biography of B. F. Skinner and A brief survey or operant behavior. Accessed October 20, 2007 at Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation at http://www.bfskinner.org/aboutbfskinner.html BEHAVIORISM http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Skinner.htm

7. For an excellent review of the philosophical and methodological roots and development of behaviorism, see: Graham, G. (2000/2007). Behaviorism. In Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy . Accessed October 20, 2007 at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/ BEHAVIORISM

8. You will find no better introduction to symbolic interactionist thought than Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method . Berkely, CA: University of California Press. Quotation from: De Vore, C., Bergren, C, and Lynch, D. Elephant man [screenplay]. Accessed October 21, 2007 at http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/e/elephant-man-script-screenplay.html 'I am not an animal'

9. EARLY COMMUNICATION MODELS www.jerf.org/writings/communicationEthics/node4.html Model by E. Sefcovic, Ph.D. S stimulus sender R response receiver

10. TRIANGLE OF MEANING CONCEPT (thought) Barthes, R., visually depicted by E. Sefcovic REFERENT (thing itself) SIGN

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