ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed in 1985. It has a large register file, uses a load/store architecture, and has uniform fixed-length instruction fields. ARM processors are known for their low power consumption compared to alternatives like Intel and focus on speed optimization through compiler usage. The ARM family includes various processor cores like Cortex-M3 and ARM7.
This document discusses analog and digital input/output for basic computer design. It explains how to use digital and analog output and input through functions like digitalWrite, digitalRead, analogRead and analogWrite. It also covers digital input modes like pullup input and how analog to digital converters are used to read analog voltages and return values from 0 to 1023.
This document discusses CPU, software, and operating systems. It defines software as programs that run on computers and categorizes them into system software like operating systems, and application software. It describes operating systems as system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing common services. It outlines the requirements of operating systems, including shielding hardware details from applications, substituting abstract services for physical hardware services, and optimizing resource allocation.
This document discusses serial communication and data transmission. It explains that for successful communication, the receiver and transmitter must agree on communication protocols. It then describes the transmission mode and how data is formatted with start bits, data bits, parity bits, and stop bits. The document also briefly mentions the RS-232C and RS-485 interfaces and provides a comparison of serial communication methods.
The document discusses advanced CPU architecture. It describes the von Neumann architecture which uses a single processor for program control and follows a fetch-decode-execute-store cycle to process instructions one at a time in a linear sequence from memory. It also describes the differences between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), with CISC having more complex instructions that can perform tasks in one cycle while RISC uses simpler instructions that may require multiple cycles to complete complex tasks. An example is provided to illustrate how a RISC would take more cycles than a CISC to compute an average.
The CPU controls the transfer of data and instructions by fetching instructions from RAM, evaluating them, and executing them in sequence through a machine cycle of fetch-decode-execute-store. It is responsible for running programs and detecting errors. The CPU translates machine code, which is made up of opcodes that represent instructions and operands that represent memory addresses or data. It executes instructions in a hierarchy from machine cycle to assembly language.
The document provides a brief history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Leibniz in the 1600s-1700s. Punched card systems were developed in the early 1800s to program textile looms, inspiring Charles Babbage's analytical engine, an early general-purpose computer. In the 1900s, electromechanical computers were developed including the Harvard Mark I and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. The stored-program architecture was developed by John von Neumann, separating the processor and memory. This led to mainframe, supercomputer, personal computer, smartphone, and modern smart devices.
The document discusses the AVR CPU architecture, specifically the ATmega328 microcontroller. It provides a brief history of how the AVR was developed by students at NIT and later acquired by Atmel. The AVR uses a Harvard architecture and comes in various categories. The ATmega328 is an example of an AVR microcontroller that has a specific configuration.
1) Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops.
2) Memory elements can store digital values and change their values based on input signals like clock signals. Common memory elements include latches, D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, and T flip-flops.
3) Sequential circuits are important building blocks of CPUs as they allow for the storage and processing of digital signals over time.
The CPU contains several key components that work together to process instructions. The control unit decodes instructions and controls the order of operations. It contains an instruction register that stores the current instruction and a program counter that tracks the computer's position in its instruction set. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations and contains an accumulator to store results. Other components include registers for temporary storage, buses for transmitting data, and caches for faster access to frequently used instructions and data.
ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed in 1985. It has a large register file, uses a load/store architecture, and has uniform fixed-length instruction fields. ARM processors are known for their low power consumption compared to alternatives like Intel and focus on speed optimization through compiler usage. The ARM family includes various processor cores like Cortex-M3 and ARM7.
This document discusses analog and digital input/output for basic computer design. It explains how to use digital and analog output and input through functions like digitalWrite, digitalRead, analogRead and analogWrite. It also covers digital input modes like pullup input and how analog to digital converters are used to read analog voltages and return values from 0 to 1023.
This document discusses CPU, software, and operating systems. It defines software as programs that run on computers and categorizes them into system software like operating systems, and application software. It describes operating systems as system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing common services. It outlines the requirements of operating systems, including shielding hardware details from applications, substituting abstract services for physical hardware services, and optimizing resource allocation.
This document discusses serial communication and data transmission. It explains that for successful communication, the receiver and transmitter must agree on communication protocols. It then describes the transmission mode and how data is formatted with start bits, data bits, parity bits, and stop bits. The document also briefly mentions the RS-232C and RS-485 interfaces and provides a comparison of serial communication methods.
The document discusses advanced CPU architecture. It describes the von Neumann architecture which uses a single processor for program control and follows a fetch-decode-execute-store cycle to process instructions one at a time in a linear sequence from memory. It also describes the differences between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), with CISC having more complex instructions that can perform tasks in one cycle while RISC uses simpler instructions that may require multiple cycles to complete complex tasks. An example is provided to illustrate how a RISC would take more cycles than a CISC to compute an average.
The CPU controls the transfer of data and instructions by fetching instructions from RAM, evaluating them, and executing them in sequence through a machine cycle of fetch-decode-execute-store. It is responsible for running programs and detecting errors. The CPU translates machine code, which is made up of opcodes that represent instructions and operands that represent memory addresses or data. It executes instructions in a hierarchy from machine cycle to assembly language.
The document provides a brief history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Leibniz in the 1600s-1700s. Punched card systems were developed in the early 1800s to program textile looms, inspiring Charles Babbage's analytical engine, an early general-purpose computer. In the 1900s, electromechanical computers were developed including the Harvard Mark I and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. The stored-program architecture was developed by John von Neumann, separating the processor and memory. This led to mainframe, supercomputer, personal computer, smartphone, and modern smart devices.
The document discusses the AVR CPU architecture, specifically the ATmega328 microcontroller. It provides a brief history of how the AVR was developed by students at NIT and later acquired by Atmel. The AVR uses a Harvard architecture and comes in various categories. The ATmega328 is an example of an AVR microcontroller that has a specific configuration.
1) Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops.
2) Memory elements can store digital values and change their values based on input signals like clock signals. Common memory elements include latches, D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, and T flip-flops.
3) Sequential circuits are important building blocks of CPUs as they allow for the storage and processing of digital signals over time.
The CPU contains several key components that work together to process instructions. The control unit decodes instructions and controls the order of operations. It contains an instruction register that stores the current instruction and a program counter that tracks the computer's position in its instruction set. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations and contains an accumulator to store results. Other components include registers for temporary storage, buses for transmitting data, and caches for faster access to frequently used instructions and data.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins with an introduction to analog and digital signals and binary number systems. It then covers Boolean algebra and logic gates such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR. Combinational logic circuits are classified and examples like half adders, full adders, encoders and decoders are presented. One application discussed is a digital door lock circuit using logic gates.
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software prototyping platform used for building electronics projects. It consists of a microcontroller board and an IDE used to write code. The board can be connected to sensors, actuators and other hardware components. There are many Arduino boards and derivatives that vary in size, capability, and function. The Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C/C++ and provides an easy way to compile and upload code to the board.
This document provides an overview of basic computer architecture. It discusses the history of computers, components like the CPU, motherboard, and connections between parts. The document outlines CPU architecture including the fetch-decode-execute cycle and components like the ALU, control unit, and registers. It also describes memory, addressing, cache, and different memory types like RAM, ROM, and CMOS.
@Powersupply(YeungnamUniv.) @NanheeKim @nh9k
讌覓語 朱 語讌 磯曙殊語!
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Vectorized Processing in a Nutshell. (in Korean)
Presented by Hyoungjun Kim, Gruter CTO and Apache Tajo committer, at DeView 2014, Sep. 30 Seoul Korea.
The document discusses Android's Sensor Manager and how it works with sensors. It covers the SensorManager class, which allows apps to access sensor data, and the SensorEventListener interface that apps must implement to receive sensor updates. It also lists some of the different types of sensors available on Android devices like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and light sensors.
This document discusses BroadcastReceivers in Android. A BroadcastReceiver is an intent-based publish-subscribe system that allows apps to receive system events like SMS messages. BroadcastReceivers can receive and react to system broadcasts, broadcasts from other apps, and initiate broadcasts to other apps. They are registered either dynamically in code or statically in the AndroidManifest.xml file. Broadcasts are sent using the sendBroadcast or sendOrderedBroadcast methods and an Intent. Ordered broadcasts are executed in a defined order while normal broadcasts run asynchronously. The BroadcastReceiver object is only valid during the onReceive method call.
1. The document discusses the Android application lifecycle and how activities can transition between different states like onCreate, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, and onDestroy.
2. It also covers the activity lifecycle methods and how they relate to different states, as well as how to save and restore activity instance states.
3. Additionally, it provides comparisons between the Android and Windows lifecycles and messaging systems, and introduces concepts like handlers, loopers, threads, and the context class in Android.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing fundamentals. It defines cloud computing as on-demand access to configurable computing resources over the internet. The document discusses key cloud concepts like deployment models (private, public, hybrid, community clouds), service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and requirements for cloud services. Popular cloud providers like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud are presented for each service model. Benefits of cloud computing are also highlighted such as reduced costs, flexibility, and global access to resources.
This document summarizes the analysis of bias for a BJT (bipolar junction transistor) circuit. It includes:
1. An overview of different BJT amplifier configurations - common emitter (CE), common base (CB), and common collector (CC).
2. A description of the bias point as the quiescent operating point in the active mode.
3. An analysis of the bias for a CE amplifier using a Thevenin equivalent circuit and equations for the base-emitter loop and collector-emitter loop to solve for collector current and CE voltage.
4. Guidelines for selecting resistor values in the bias network, including RB being greater than 10k立, RE being
This document discusses the different cloud service models of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). IaaS provides basic computing resources like servers and storage. PaaS provides development tools and platforms for building applications. SaaS provides complete software solutions that are accessed via the internet. Popular providers for each service model are also mentioned.
1. The document discusses different cloud deployment models including private, public, community, and hybrid clouds.
2. Private clouds can be either on-premise or outsourced to a third party, and provide a high level of security but have constraints around budget and SLAs.
3. Public clouds are highly scalable and affordable but have challenges around security, data privacy, and organizational autonomy.
This document discusses cloud computing architecture and concepts. It covers the different layers of a cloud architecture including the user/client layer, network layer, cloud management layer, hardware resource layer, and components including applications, platforms, infrastructure, virtualization, and physical hardware. It also discusses public cloud access and networking, the drawbacks of traditional web applications compared to cloud applications, and key features of cloud computing such as elasticity.