Theories of justice

Jul 1, 2013Download as pptx, pdf

5 likes3,664 views

This document discusses four main theories related to health care: egalitarian theories, utilitarian theories, libertarian theories, and theories of justice. Egalitarian theories emphasize equal access to goods and services and providing universal health care. Utilitarian theories focus on maximizing public utility through political intervention and wealth redistribution. Libertarian theories emphasize personal rights to liberty. The document also discusses Daniel Callahan's natural life span argument and principles for limiting medical care after a natural life span.

EGALITARIAN THEORIES
UTILITARIAN THEORIES
LIBERTARIAN THEORIES
THEORIES OF JUSTICE

EGALITARIAN THEORIES
emphasizes equal access
to goods and services.
Egalitarian thinkers
believe that an affluent society
must find a way to provide
universal health care to all its
citizens.It is within the
egalitarian end of the
spectrum that the advocates of
a “right to health care”are
most comfortable.

UTILITARIAN THEORIES
These theories emphasize a
mixture of criteria so that public
utility is maximized.
Public Utility-the greatest good for
the greatest number.
Utilitarianism-generally accepts
political planning and
intervention as method of
redistributing goods and wealth
to bring about public utility.
Daniel Callahan-natural life span
argument.
-argues that natural
life span is one that ends with the
natural death and that this occurs

THE END OF THE NATURAL LIFE
CYCLE
1.One’s life work is completed.
2.One’s moral obligations to those for
whom one has responsibility have been
discharged.
3.One’s death does not seem to others
an offense to sense or sensibility or
tempt others to despair and rage at
human existence.
4.When the process of dying is not
marked by unbearable and degrading
pain.

CALAHAN PRINCIPLE
1.After a person has lived out a normal
life span,medical care should no
longer be oriented to resisting
death.
2.Medical care following a natural
life span would be limited to the
relief of suffering.
3.The existence of technologies
capable of extending life beyond a
normal life span creates no
technological imperative for its use.

LIBERTARIAN THEORIES
emphasizes personal
rights to social and
economic liberty.
Systems in Allocating Health
Care Delivery
*Two-Tier System and Decent
Minimum
*The Oregon Rationing System
*Lifeboat Ethics
*Triage

I. PRA(SEBELUM) HUKUM ACARA PERDATA PERCERAIAN 1. membuat surat Gugatan  Isi gugatan: a. Identitas para pihak b. Fundamentum petendi / posita (uraian kejadian/peristiwa/duduknya perkara dan hubungan hukum yang menjadi dasar yuridis dari tuntutan). c. Petitum (tuntutan: pokok, tambahan)  Tuntutan tambahan supaya: a. Agar tergugat dihukum membayar biaya perkara. b. Agar putusan dinyatakan dapat dilaksanakan lebih dulu meskipun putusannya dilawan atau dimintakan banding (uitvoobaar bij voorad). c. Agar tergugat dihukum membayar bunga moratoir (kealpaan) apabila tuntutan yang dimintakan oleh penggugat berupa pembayaran sejumlah uang tertentu. Bunga ini dibebankan sebagai ganti kerugian karena terlambat memenuhi isi perjanjian dan diperhitungkan sejak diajukan gugatan ke pengadilan (pasal 1250 BW) d. Agar tergugat dihukum membayar uang paksa (dwangsom) apabila hukuman itu tidak berupa pembayaran sejumlah uang, maka dapat ditentukan bahwa pihak yang dikalahkan dihukum untuk membayar uang paksa selama ia tidka memenuhi putusan sejak putusan itu mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap.

Justicesjykmuch

��

Equality and justice are related but distinct concepts. Equality refers to treating all people the same, while justice considers fairness and individual circumstances and outcomes. True justice cannot be achieved through equality alone. Different cultures understand justice in varying ways based on their shared history and beliefs. Key debates around justice include whether it stems from divine commands, natural law, human design, or a balance of consequences. Theories of justice also consider how to distribute goods fairly in a society.

Theory of justiceStudsPlanet.com

��

1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society. 2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society. 3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.

What is JusticeMr. Finnie

��

The document defines justice as fairness and reasonableness. It discusses how in any situation, such as in a courtroom, workplace, or bank, people want to be treated fairly without discrimination. A key aspect of justice is ensuring laws are administered impartially. However, disagreements often arise over what is considered a just outcome. The document explores several scenarios and whether respondents considered the outcomes as examples of justice or injustice.

Social Justice Presentation 1aauvanness

��

The document discusses various topics related to social justice including gender equality, women's rights, human rights, political rights, immigrant rights, educational equity, and environmental justice. It provides definitions and perspectives on these issues from organizations like the UN and EPA. It also lists upcoming programming and contact information for several social justice organizations.

Law and Justice Presentationjhead_1017

��

1) The study aimed to examine how adverse social conditions can lead to the development of social schemas that increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. It tested a model linking parenting, community disadvantages, and discrimination to the formation of three social schemas: a hostile view of relationships, concern for immediate gratification, and a cynical view of social norms. 2) The results found the three schemas were interrelated but did not conclusively demonstrate that they formed a "criminogenic knowledge structure" that predicted criminal acts. However, the social factors did influence schema formation in expected ways. 3) Future research could improve on limitations like the homogenous sample and test how situational definitions mediated the relationship between schemas and crime. A more

JusticeHarriet Bland

��

1) Distributive justice concerns how goods in society such as rights, liberties, opportunities, and income should be distributed. There are several approaches to distributive justice including equality, need, desert, and John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. 2) Robert Nozick argued that justice in distribution is historical and depends on how property was originally acquired and transferred through voluntary exchange. He believed justice involves respecting individual rights and that redistribution violates self-ownership. 3) Debates around distributive justice center on balancing considerations such as equality, liberty, responsibility, incentives, and social cooperation. There are disagreements around what principles best characterize a just distribution of goods in society.

Sajjadsajju06

��

Ethics is defined as the science that judges human conduct in society as right or wrong. As human societies developed, ethical rules were established to help ensure sustainable life. Environmental ethics then emerged as a field recognizing that ethics should consider the non-human world and humans' influence on a large scale of disciplines. It aims to establish norms for humans' conduct regarding both other humans and non-human animals and the environment, recognizing their interdependence for life on Earth.

CHAPTER1CONSIDERINGMORALPHILOSOPHIESAND PRINCIPLEShatsour.docxtiffanyd4

��

CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES hat sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on W the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes. A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly. Copyright © 2011. Health Professions Press, Inc.. All rights reserved. Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems. The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.Baby Boy Doe In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby’s mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth. The baby’s parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant die.

Universality ConstraintsBrooke Curtis

��

The document discusses Rawls' constraints of publicity and universality for theories of justice. It argues that while Rawls' constraints of publicity and universality are reasonable given his assumptions, his theory does not fully satisfy the universality constraint. The paper considers two objections to the constraints - the first disputes publicity as unreasonable, while the second disputes Rawls' ability to satisfy universality though not the reasonableness of the constraint itself.

EUTHANASIA _20240709_1932222222_0000.pdfbbaltazarjanice

��

BIOETHICS.pptxHabibUllah227

��

This document discusses key concepts in bioethics including: 1. The history of bioethics from the Nuremberg trials to modern principles like autonomy, beneficence, and justice. 2. Key reports and guidelines that shaped bioethics like the Belmont Report, Helsinki Declaration, and CIOMS guidelines. 3. The four main bioethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice as outlined in Beauchamp and Childress's Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 4. Concepts related to these principles like informed consent, paternalism, social justice, and professional-patient relationships.

Perhaps you want involuntary active euthanasiaPablo Echeverria

��

This document discusses the debate around active and passive euthanasia. It defines active euthanasia as taking specific steps to end a patient's life, such as a lethal injection, while passive euthanasia is withdrawing medical treatment to cause death. The document argues that both voluntary and involuntary active euthanasia should be legalized to end suffering, though others believe it violates ethical and religious principles. It examines viewpoints from philosophers on both sides of the debate.

Ethics in dentisrty power point presentationHamnazBeegumpp

��

Islamic bioethical perspective_on_public healthDr Ghaiath Hussein

��

The Islamic perspective on public health is guided by several key principles derived from the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. These include preserving human dignity, promoting social solidarity and justice, avoiding harm, prioritizing necessities, and choosing the least harmful option when faced with difficulties. Public health interventions are permitted if shown to be effective, proportional, necessary, minimally infringing on individuals, and publicly justified. The overall approach emphasizes disease prevention, community well-being, and balancing individual and societal interests.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND AWARENESS - PresentationTaruna Deshwal

��

The document discusses several topics related to environmental issues: 1) Animal ethics examines how humans should treat animals. It includes debates around animal rights, welfare, and testing. Theories of ethics like utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics are applied. 2) Biocentrism holds that all living things have equal intrinsic value. It challenges human exceptionalism and views humans as interdependent with nature. The theory of biocentrism proposes that life created the universe. 3) Ecocentrism sees the biosphere as the source of all life and values ecosystems over human needs. It believes ecosystems have intrinsic worth regardless of human use. 4) Poverty and environmental problems are

Presentation1Vincent O'Brien

��

This document discusses ethical theories and their application in public health nursing. It outlines several normative ethical theories: consequentialism, deontology, principlism, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism focuses on achieving the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology emphasizes duties and moral rules. Principlism proposes four principles: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Virtue ethics examines good/bad character traits. In public health, utilitarianism and the four principles are most dominant. The document also notes some major ethical tensions in public health around individual/community rights, weighing costs/benefits, and privacy versus utility.

Disaster Managemnt Ethical and Legal Considerations in Disasters Discussion.docx4934bk

��

1) Cultural ethics are important for humanitarian responders to understand when providing disaster assistance to impacted communities. Not respecting local customs and traditions can undermine relief efforts and cause distrust. 2) During the Ebola outbreak in Africa, public health measures did not initially respect local burial traditions, causing resistance. Involving religious leaders helped develop alternatives that balanced disease prevention and cultural practices. 3) It is critical for relief to be distributed and medical care provided in a way that respects cultural norms around issues like gender. Failing to consider these differences can negatively impact communities and relief outcomes.

Disaster Managemnt Ethical and Legal Considerations in Disasters Discussion.docxsdfghj21

��

1) Cultural ethics are important for humanitarian responders to understand when providing disaster assistance to impacted communities. Not respecting local customs and beliefs can undermine relief efforts and cause distrust. 2) During the Ebola outbreak in Africa, public health measures did not initially respect local burial traditions, causing resistance. Involving religious leaders helped develop alternatives that balanced disease prevention and cultural practices. 3) It is critical for relief to be distributed and medical care provided to impacted communities in a culturally sensitive manner. This helps ensure assistance is effective and builds trust between responders and those receiving aid.

09, 10 - Professional Ethics detailed .pptbqass98

��

Defining Professional Ethics Professional ethics can be defined as a code of conduct or set of moral principles that professionals are expected to uphold in their professional lives. It includes values such as integrity, objectivity, competence, confidentiality, and respect for others. These ethics ensure that professionals act not just in their own interest or that of their organization but in the interest of the public, clients, and society at large. Professional ethics is not merely about adhering to written codes or legal standards; it involves internalizing values that guide decision-making even in ambiguous or high-stakes situations. --- 3. Core Principles of Professional Ethics The architecture of professional ethics is built on several core principles: 3.1. Integrity Integrity means being honest and having strong moral principles. It compels professionals to act with honesty in all professional dealings, avoiding deception, fraud, or manipulation. 3.2. Objectivity This principle ensures that professionals remain impartial and free from conflicts of interest. It emphasizes the importance of decisions being based on merit and factual evidence. 3.3. Professional Competence Competence involves maintaining the required knowledge and skills to provide services effectively. It mandates continuous learning and adaptation to changes in the field. 3.4. Confidentiality Professionals are entrusted with sensitive information. Ethical practice demands that such information be protected from unauthorized disclosure. 3.5. Professional Behavior This covers conduct that upholds the reputation of the profession. It means complying with laws, regulations, and standards, and avoiding any action that discredits the profession. 4. Importance of Professional Ethics 4.1. Trust Building Trust is the currency of professional relationships. Ethical behavior builds trust with clients, stakeholders, employees, and the public. 4.2. Enhancing Professional Reputation Organizations and individuals that uphold ethical standards enjoy greater respect, client loyalty, and a strong brand image. 4.3. Legal and Regulatory Compliance Ethical conduct minimizes the risk of legal issues. Many industries are heavily regulated, and compliance with ethical standards helps avoid penalties and sanctions. 4.4. Decision-Making Framework Ethics offers a structured framework to handle complex dilemmas where legal codes may be silent or insufficient. 5. Professional Ethics Across Various Sectors Ethical principles may be universal, but their application varies across professions: 5.1. Medical Profession Doctors adhere to the Hippocratic Oath. Ethics in this field is about patient confidentiality, informed consent, and prioritizing patient well-being over personal or institutional gains. 5.2. Legal Profession Lawyers must uphold justice, fairness, and client confidentiality. Misconduct in this domain can distort justice and erode public trust. That's all we need

Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docxtiffanyd4

��

Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 1 2 Why Study Ethics? Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions. It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general. It will assist you in building and maintaining your career. 3 3 Types of Ethics Normative ethics Is the study of what is right and wrong. Metaethics Is the study of ethical concepts and theories. 4 4 Types of Normative Ethical Theories Authority-based Egoistic Natural law Deontological Teleological Virtue 5 5 Ethical Relativism Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics. However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative. People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues. Therefore, ethics theories are useful. 6 6 Egoism as Ethics Theory Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions. Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest. The interests of the patient should come first. 7 7 Authority-based Ethics Theory Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology. For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one. However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions. 8 8 Virtue Ethics Theory Is founded in the writings of Aristotle. Everything moves from potentiality to actuality. Character development allows you to actualize your highest good. Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good. 9 9 Virtue Ethics Theory Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue. Professional education seeks to develop people of high character. People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom. 10 10 Virtue Ethics Theory Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more. Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist. Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations. People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions. 11 11 Natural Law Theory It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas It assumes that nature is rational and orderly. Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational. Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong. 12 12 Natural Law Theory Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil. The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good. Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God. 13 13 Natural Law Theory In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.

Environmental Ethics in Ethics Subject of CollegeLorleenGudez1

��

Environmental Ethics in Ethics Subject of CollegeLorleenGudez1

��

Utilitarianism.docxChristineAlejandro2

��

Utilitarianism is an ethical framework that determines right and wrong based on outcomes. It holds that the most ethical choice maximizes well-being for the greatest number of people. However, utilitarianism has limitations because the future consequences of actions are difficult to predict with certainty. It also struggles to account for concepts like justice and individual rights. While consequentialism judges actions based on their outcomes, it too is problematic because outcomes are unpredictable and can sometimes lead to objectionable decisions even if the consequences are good.

MODULE 6 MIDTERM.docxMiaManayaga

��

The document discusses several topics related to human rights and ethics: It defines different types of rights such as natural rights based on human nature versus positive rights granted by law. It also outlines the development of human rights from initial concepts to three generations of rights. Finally, it discusses theories of ethics and justice including deontology, Ross's theory of prima facie duties, and John Rawls' theory of a just society based on an original position behind a veil of ignorance.

CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLESWhat sou.docxcravennichole326

��

CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES What sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes. A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly. Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems. The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter. Baby Boy Doe In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby's mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth. The baby's parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant died. Neither hospital personnel nor state family and social services soug ...

Presentation environmental ethics_1502530007_266921YashRawat62

��

Environmental ethics examines the moral relationship between humans and the environment. It establishes principles for human attitudes and conduct regarding environmental care. There are differing views on the value of the environment, ranging from anthropocentrism, which sees environmental value as purely instrumental to humans, to biocentrism and ecocentrism, which see intrinsic value in all life forms and ecosystems. Debates continue around these stances and how to address urgent environmental crises through both ethical frameworks and political actions.

UtilitarianismSadman Prodhan

��

This document discusses utilitarianism and its importance and relationship to individuals. Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy that considers the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It was developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and holds that an action is morally right if its consequences lead to happiness. The document outlines several reasons for the importance of utilitarianism, including that it aims to create happier lives, yields common sense results, does not require prior religious beliefs, and relates to observable real world actions and consequences. While utilitarianism considers the happiness of all people, in everyday life individuals need only consider the good of those involved, but thinking as a utilitarian can help develop society and countries socially and economically.

Deliverance.pptemphasizes Jesus as our DelivererJaypeeCervantes1

��

Kepemimpinan Khulafaur Rasyidin Kelas VII.pptxgafikas1

��

Theories of justice

1. EGALITARIAN THEORIES UTILITARIAN THEORIES LIBERTARIAN THEORIES THEORIES OF JUSTICE

2. EGALITARIAN THEORIES emphasizes equal access to goods and services. Egalitarian thinkers believe that an affluent society must find a way to provide universal health care to all its citizens.It is within the egalitarian end of the spectrum that the advocates of a “right to health care”are most comfortable.

3. UTILITARIAN THEORIES These theories emphasize a mixture of criteria so that public utility is maximized. Public Utility-the greatest good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism-generally accepts political planning and intervention as method of redistributing goods and wealth to bring about public utility. Daniel Callahan-natural life span argument. -argues that natural life span is one that ends with the natural death and that this occurs

4. THE END OF THE NATURAL LIFE CYCLE 1.One’s life work is completed. 2.One’s moral obligations to those for whom one has responsibility have been discharged. 3.One’s death does not seem to others an offense to sense or sensibility or tempt others to despair and rage at human existence. 4.When the process of dying is not marked by unbearable and degrading pain.

5. CALAHAN PRINCIPLE 1.After a person has lived out a normal life span,medical care should no longer be oriented to resisting death. 2.Medical care following a natural life span would be limited to the relief of suffering. 3.The existence of technologies capable of extending life beyond a normal life span creates no technological imperative for its use.

6. LIBERTARIAN THEORIES emphasizes personal rights to social and economic liberty. Systems in Allocating Health Care Delivery *Two-Tier System and Decent Minimum *The Oregon Rationing System *Lifeboat Ethics *Triage

7. Thanks for listening ^_^

�ݺ�ߣ

Theories of justice

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Theories of justice (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Theories of justice