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TOURISM
By
Nompumelelo
Mathebula

WHAT IS TOURISM


1. Tourism is a collection of activities, services and
industries that delivers a travel experience, including
transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking

establishments, retail shops, entertainment
businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality
services provided for individuals or groups traveling
away from home.

Excursionist: People traveling for
pleasure in a period less than 24
hours (Macintosh and Goeldner,
1986).

Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a
country, other than that in which he/she
usually resides, for a period of at least 24
hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of
the League of Nations, 1937).

Travel: The act of moving outside one's home
community for business or pleasure but not
for commuting or traveling to or from school
(Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).

Visitor: Any person visiting a country other than that in
which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for any
reason other than following an occupation remunerated
from within the country visited (United Nations Conference
on International Travel and Tourism, 1963).

Attractions:
Are
the
primary
motivation for traveling. They may be
a primary destination such as Disney
World or secondary destination which
are interesting places to visit on the
way to your primary destination.
Attractions usually focus on natural
resources, culture, ethnicity or
entertainment.

Natural Resources: Natural resources
are the combination of physical features,
the climate , and the natural beauty of the
area. The challenge to managing natural
resources based tourism is to preserve
the natural resource from the impact of
the tourist's.

Culture: A way of life which is
observed through a group of
people
religion,
history,
government and traditions.

Ethnicity: To visit
family and friends.

X-treme Tourism:
Tourism based on high
adventure activities.

Facilities: When tourists arrive
attractions they require facilities
provide services.

at
to

Lodging: Represent a variety of
services from campgrounds, RV
parks, motels and five star
resorts.

Food & Beverage: Not only
provide basic sustenance for
tourists but an important factor
in
the
overall
tourism
experience.

Infrastructure: The basic services on
which all tourism depends. These
systems include water and sewer
systems,
communication
networks,
medical
facilities, electricity, police and fire
protection and roads

Hospitality: The community's attitude
which permeates every tourism
location that makes the tourist feel
welcome and safe. It is the result of
the interaction between the tourist
and the local population.

Time: as the hours for leisure increase
so does the opportunity for travel.
Changes in work days or hours, school
calendars will affect how and when
people can travel. The overall travel
pattern has moved from a two week
vacation to 6-8 three or four day minivacations per year.

Money: the majority of travel
requires discretionary income.
Discretionary income is money
left over after all monetary
obligations (food, rent and taxes)
have been paid.

Mobility: is the access to
transportation
(car, bus, plane, train or
ship) and the hours required
to get to their destination

Motivation: is the reason
people travel. Motivations may
include
seeking
novelty,
education, meet new people,
adventure or stress reduction.

 Demand depends on the price of the
commodity, the prices of related
commodities,
and
consumers'
incomes and tastes.
 Supply depends not only on the price
obtainable for the commodity but
also on the prices of similar products,
the techniques of production, and
the availability and costs of inputs.

A Choice Between
Two Categories of
Tourism:
MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE
 Mass Tourism:





The organized movement of large groups of people
to specialized tourist locations.
A consequence of the increase of people traveling
for pleasure; developed to cater to huge numbers of
tourists.
Examples: whole resort towns, theme parks,
tourism business districts, cruises, packaged
vacations, all-inclusive resorts, etc.



Alternative Tourism:


Individually planned activities to
gain and experience first-hand
knowledge about local cultures
and environments.



Focus on secluded areas, occur
during non-peak travelling
times, can include arranging own
flights and accommodations.



Example: a self-planned biking
trip through Vermont, while
camping or arranging
accommodations “as you go.”

A Quick Comparison
between Mass and
Alternative Tourism
Mass Tourism

Alternative Tourism

large groups
traditional
fixed program
focus on “sights”
little or no background research
desire for souvenirs
purchase items while there
may involve loud social activities
snapshots and postcards
no language preparation

singles, families, friends
recent trend
spontaneous decisions
focus on “experiences”
careful preparation and research
desire for memories / knowledge
bring items to give away
quiet, low impact
photography and painting
learn local language

The Different Types of
Tourism




We have already discussed the travel variables that
influence people to travel, or to stay at home. When
travel motivators and barriers combine with these
variables, they affect the travel destination and what
type of travel experience the tourist signs up for.
Today, the tourism industry offers
many specialized forms of tourism in order to meet
the increasingly diverse and the unique requests of a
demanding public. People want to be able to choose
from a variety of options based on to their needs and
desires!

The Different Types of
Tourism
These “types of tourism” categories are a
useful way to start looking at where
tourists go, why they go there, and what
they do while on vacation. However, it is
important to note that these categories are
not always as clear cut as they suggest, as
travelers will engage in variety of activities
while on vacation, many of which overlap
into more than one category.

Pleasure Tourism


To improve the physical or spiritual condition of an
individual .
 Examples: yoga workshops, detoxification
clinics, spas, etc.

Business Tourism
To complete a business transaction or attend a
business meeting / conference.

Nature Tourism
To enjoy a natural setting or wildlife, including
ecotourism.

Cultural Tourism
To experience the history, folklore, and culture of a
people.

Social Tourism
Travel that involves the company of others, such as
tour-bus travel or family visits.

Recreation Tourism
To escape the routine of daily life, such as camping
or going to a beach.

Active Tourism
Has a set objective, such as climbing a mountain or
learning a new language.

Sports Tourism
To experience a sport or sporting event, such as ski
holidays or the Olympics.

Religious Tourism
Involves visiting a place of spiritual significance.

Health / Medical Tourism
To improve one’s health, such as a visit to a health
resort or weight-loss camp.

*Adventure Tourism
Involves challenges and adventure, such as trekking
through a tropical rainforest or rock climbing.

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

*Wilderness Tourism
To experience something very different from
everyday life in remote wilderness areas.


*Ecotourism
Stresses low-impact adventure in a natural setting;
sometimes called “green tourism.”


Transportation Systems
The type and availability of transportation
will determine travel destinations. The
development of accommodations were
likewise determined by the development
of transportation systems.

Types of Transports

Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations
necessary for transport, and may be







Roads
railways
airways
waterways
canals
pipelines

Animal Transportations is the use of working animals for the
Animal-powered transport
movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the
animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods,
or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or
wheeled vehicles.

Air Transportations


A fixed-wing
aircraft, commo
nly called
airplane, is a
heavier-than-air
craft where
movement of the
air in relation to
the wings is used
to generate lift.

Rail Transportations


Rail transport is where a train
runs along a set of two
parallel steel rails, known as a
railway or railroad. The rails are
anchored
perpendicular to ties (or sleepers)
of timber, concrete or steel, to
maintain a consistent distance
apart, or gauge.

Road Transportations


A road is an
identifiable route, way
or path between two or
more places. Roads are
typically
smoothed, paved, or
otherwise prepared to
allow easy travel .

Water Transportations


Water transport is the process of
transport a watercraft, such as
a barge, boat, ship or sailboat,
makes over a body of water, such
as
a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river.

Other Transportations


Pipeline transport sends goods
through a pipe, most commonly
liquid and gases are sent,
but pneumatic tubes can also
send solid capsules using
compressed air. For liquids/gases,
any chemically stable liquid or
gas can be sent through a
pipeline.

Responsible and Sustainable
Tourism

Bruno Maia/Naturezafotos.org



The tourism industry has trouble defining it…



Green Tourism



Ecotourism



Geotourism



Authentic Travel



Cultural Tourism



Adventure Tourism



Community Tourism



Responsible Tourism

Sustainability is vital to the life of the tourism
industry.
Sustainability principles refer to the
environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects of tourism
development. A suitable balance
must be established between these
three dimensions to guarantee its
long-term sustainability.
UN World Tourism Organization

Every day, tourism plays a larger role in our
world.

Sustainable Tourism has the power to create change
on a global scale.
•

Preserve destinations for generations to come

•

Safeguard our cultural and environmental heritage

•

Promote social equality

•

Energize new markets to travel to the destination

•

Revitalize local communities

•

Create jobs along the rich value chain

•

Keep tourism dollars within destinations

•

Help businesses reduce costs


… but there is hesitancy.

•

“It’s Just a Fad”

•

“Too Expensive”

•

“Too Complicated”

•

“Requires Sacrificing Quality”

•

“No Return on Investment”

Consumers are ready.

•

66% in U.S. believe their travel choices make a difference

•

80% in Europe believe their travel choices make a difference

•

95% of business travelers think hotels should be “green”

•

44% consider the environment when making travel decisions

•

67% would change travel habits if they knew it made a difference

*Sabre Holdings, 2010
**TUI
***Deloitte


What do “sustainable travelers” look like?

•

Younger. Average age is 39. Non-green traveler is 44.

•

Educated. 48% have a college degree.

•

Wealthier. 13% higher income.

•

Spender. $2,000 more on travel per year.

•

Tech Savvy. Book online and value technology.

*Saber Holdings, 2010
** LOHAS
**TUI*


The things that you can probably guess…

•

Conservation of natural resources

•

Protecting biodiversity

•

Reduction of waste

•

Minimizing effects on climate change


And some you didn’t know you knew...

Authenticity


Uniqueness

Quality

Participation


Sustainable tourism measures success indifferent
ways

Type of Travel

Quality of Travel

Number of Visitors

Length of Stay

How much money
is spent

Where the
money is spent

With sustainable tourism
all are benefited.

Travelers
Businesses

Tourism Boards
Governments
Residents

The journey may be long.
But it’s worth it.

Sustainability will not happen all at once.
But, every little bit counts – for you and the
traveler.

Types of Tourism Impacts
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

TOURISM AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Economic Impacts of Tourism
POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

1.

Foreign exchange earnings

1.

Inflation

2.

Contribution to government
revenues

2.

Opportunity costs

3.

Dependency

4.

Seasonality

5.

Leakage

6.

Enclave tourism

7.

Seasonal character of jobs

8.

Prostitution and the underground
economy

3.

Generation of employment

4.

Balance of payment / trade
account balance

5.

Stimulation of infrastructure
investment

6.

Contribution to local economies

Tourism and its SocioCultural Impacts

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS
Introduction to SocioOF TOURISM
Cultural Impacts of Tourism
• sociology and culture
• the tourist culture
• elements of culture

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

HANDICRAFTS
LANGUAGE
TRADITION

 GASTRONOMY
ART AND
MUSIC
HISTORY

 LOCAL WORK
ARCHITECTU
RE
RELIGION

 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
DRESS
LEISURE ACTIVITIES

Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism
POSITIVE/BENEFITS








Preservation and restoration of
cultural heritage
Revival of traditional arts and
crafts
Cultivation of cultural pride and
sense of identity
Cross-cultural exchange

NEGATIVE/COSTS


Loss of cultural character



Loss of authenticity and meaning of
traditional arts and crafts



Commercialization of human
relationships



Potential misunderstandings and
conflicts between residents and
tourists

TOURISM & ITS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Three Perspectives: (Relationship
of Tourism and Environment)
1. Tourist-environment interactions
2. Tourist-host interactions
3. Host-environment interactions

TOURISM &
ENVIRONMENT

SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

1.

Environmental awareness.

2.

Enhancements of local environment.

3.

Protection and conservation of wildlife.

“Environmental Awareness
Raising”


Tourism has the potential to increase
public appreciation of the environment
and to spread awareness of
environmental problems when it brings
people into closer contact with nature
and the environment.

Enhancement of local
environments


Retain and increase visitor numbers by improving the general amenity
value of the local environment.

Protection and conservation
of wildlife



Tourism acts as a force of conservation as it offers an alternative
economic use.



Tourism draws attention to issues relating to biodiversity, endangered
species and human impact on the environment. (Doswell, 1997)

ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS

1.

Inappropriate development

2.

Loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife

3.

Pollution

4.

Loss of spirit

5.

Overcrowding and traffic congestion

6.

Activities (affecting the natural environment)

Golden Toad in Monteverde Cloud Rainforest, Costa Rica

Golden Toad, has declined in
numbers at the same time as
ecotourism has evolved in the
area.

1.

Loss of beach nesting areas.

2.

Nesting females and young turtles disoriented by
artificial illumination.

3.

Noise

4.

Traffic

5.

Pollution

6.

Activities in water

Water

Air

POLLUTION

Land (Solid
Waste)

Noise

Water Pollution

• Water pollution is the contamination
of
water
bodies
such
as
lakes,
rivers,
oceans,
and
groundwater.

Air Pollution
Air pollution is the
introduction of
chemicals, particulat
e matter, or
biological materials
that cause harm or
discomfort to
humans or other
living organisms, or
damages the natural
environment, into
the atmosphere.

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution (or
environmental noise)
is displeasing human, animal- or machinecreated sound that
disrupts the activity or
balance of human or
animal life.

Solid Waste
Solid Waste is also
referred
to
as
rubbish,
trash,
garbage,
or
junk
depending upon the
type of material and
the
regional
terminology. In living
organisms,
waste
relates to unwanted
substances or toxins
that are expelled
from them.
(Caribbean Area)

Overcrowding and traffic
congestion


Happens when the volume of tourists exceeds the
capacity of an environment.



Overcrowding poses an increased risk of environmental
damage through erosion and restricts visitor
appreciation of the destination.



Inappropriate parking



Congestion damages vegetation, causes erosion and
adds to localized pollution.

Effects of activities


Skiing/alpine tourism
- mountain ecosystems are generally fragile but many
are prone to intensive use.
- many view skiing as a damaging activity because it
requires associated development, such as lodges,
resorts, roads and cause severe erosion and
deforestation.

Effects of activities



Ecotourism
- while the premise of ecotourism is to assist in
conservation and well-being of local communities, it is
often the case that ecotourism-based activities lead to
deterioration in environmental quality.
- proper planning and management is needed

Tourism, Global
Warming and
Climate Change


By 2050, tourism is expected to see its contribution
to greenhouse gas emissions rise from 3 to 7%.



KYOTO Protocol, adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16
February 2005. (highlights the expected impacts of
tourism in the environment)



Very significant because climate and temperature are
important determinants of destination selection.

Tourism, Global Warming and
Climate Change


Some expected effects may be;

1.

Rising temperature in central European culture cities
in peak season will lead to a decline in visitors.

2.

Specific ecosystems s/as coral reefs will be affected.

3.

In Alpine areas, shorter skiing seasons may arise.



Experts begin to understand
how climate change may
reverse
the
shape
of
seasonality with a growing
demand for coolness in
summer,
leading
to
increased
energy
consumption
for
airconditioning, along with a
greater number of extreme
weather events which could
disrupt tourism, such as
flooding,
sand
storms,
droughts and summer fires.

Tourism-related companies
realized that turning green
makes good business sense. The
German tourism industry
experience.
Hotel Sector
 installing water saving devices;
 Abolishing individually wrapped
food items at the breakfast
buffet;
 Using
recycled
paper
and
reusable bottles.

makes good business sense.



Resorts

-

Decreasing automobile traffic in
resorts, clinic and recreational
zones by constructing parking
areas outside of the central areas
and using electric buses.

-

(Club Noah Isabelle, El Nido,
Palawan)

Tourism-related companies realized
that turning green makes good
business sense.

• Travel Agencies
- Publication of brochure
offering tips and
information on species
protection and
environmentally proper
behavior to vacationers.

Tourism-related companies realized
that turning green makes good
business sense.

• Transportation
- Use high capacity
airplanes to reduce
noise and emissions of
pollutants and fuel
consumption.
- “Garbage return
initiative” LTU
International Airways’
ecobag.

makes good business sense.


Cities and Towns

-

Use of solar energy

-

Replacing regular light
bulbs for energy-saving
bulbs.

-

Promoting bicycles for
inner city transport

-

Use of rain water

reference
Baku ,S.M, different types of tourism , http://www.slideshare.net/ALTINBAKU/the-differenttypes-of-tourism?qid=0e314dab-6fb5-4a04-8c14-83ff02dc9a5b&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1
06 March 2014
Eliana ,S .What is tourism ,
http://www.slideshare.net/ELIFUENTES/cfakepathingles?qid=af03c26d-e7c4-4599-85ce61c43be53b3c&v=default&b=&from_search=3
6

March 2014

Jiger , C .Transportation , http://www.slideshare.net/hrishigenei/types-oftranportations?qid=b77a0b01-4eb7-4881-813c-f9c7344c25bd&v=default&b=&from_search=10,08
March 2014
Oohlala , R . Tourism impact ,http://www.slideshare.net/reymarieoohlala/chap5-tourismimpacts?qid=2e37a5c7-154e-447c-a846-ef0c605cdcb3&v=qf1&b=&from_search=4
06 March 2014

Pettan , J ,sustainable tourism
http://www.slideshare.net/jithupettan/sustainable-tourism-9613349?qid=d7f027d5-36f2-423bb6cc-dc6ae1a91d02&v=default&b=&from_search=1,06 March 2014

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