Transcription and translation
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This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
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1. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Key molecules involved include DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and amino acids. DNA contains the genetic code. mRNA carries the code to the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids and pairs with mRNA codons.
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Transcription and translation
- 1. Transcription and Translation Copying DNA Translating RNA into Proteins
- 2. Questions to be answered today How do we get from the bases found in DNA to amino acids? How do we get from a bunch of amino acids to proteins? DNA Amino Acids Proteins?
- 3. Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis The production or synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins) Two phases: Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- 4. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids 20 amino acids are arranged in different orders to make a variety of proteins Assembled on a ribosome
- 6. Replication Review DNA double helix unwinds DNA now single-stranded New DNA strand forms using complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G) Used to prepare DNA for cell division Whole genome copied/replicated
- 7. Transcription and Translation: An Overview DNA RNA Protein Transcription Translation
- 8. Roles of RNA and DNA DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan Transcription and Translation - PBS
- 9. RNA vs. DNA DNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Bases: C,G A,T RNA Single stranded Ribose sugar Bases: C,G,A,U Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.
- 10. . Three Types of RNAThree Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA) copiescopies DNAs code & carries the geneticDNAs code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomesinformation to the ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along, along with protein, makes up thewith protein, makes up the ribosomesribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA) transferstransfers amino acids to the ribosomesamino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesizedwhere proteins are synthesized
- 11. Three Types of RNAThree Types of RNA How do you remember the 3 types?
- 12. TranscriptionTranscription The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand mRNA copies the template strand Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase
- 13. Transcription RNA forms base pairs with DNA C-G A-U Primary transcript- length of RNA that results from the process of transcription
- 15. Major players in transcription mRNA- type of RNA that encodes information for the synthesis of proteins and carries it to a ribosome from the nucleus
- 16. Major players in transcription RNA polymerase- complex of enzymes with 2 functions: Unwind DNA sequence Produce primary transcript by stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides
- 17. mRNA Processing Primary transcript is not mature mRNA DNA sequence has coding regions (exons) and non- coding regions (introns) Introns must be removed before primary transcript is mRNA and can leave nucleus
- 18. Transcription Review Go to http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/
- 19. Transcription is donewhat now? Now we have mature mRNA transcribed from the cells DNA. It is leaving the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Once in the cytoplasm, it finds a ribosome so that translation can begin. We know how mRNA is made, but how do we read the code?
- 20. Translation Second stage of protein production mRNA is on a ribosome
- 21. TranslationTranslation Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
- 22. Ribosomes 2 subunits, separate in cytoplasm until they join to begin translation Large Small Contain 3 binding sites E P A
- 23. Translation Second stage of protein production mRNA is on a ribosome tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
- 24. tRNA Transfer RNA Bound to one amino acid on one end Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon
- 25. tRNA Function Amino acids must be in the correct order for the protein to function correctly tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA code
- 26. Reading the DNA code Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA bases Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a single amino acid Codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases
- 27. The Genetic Code
- 29. Which codons code for which amino acids? Genetic code- inventory of linkages between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for A gene is a segment of RNA that brings about transcription of a protein (eventually)
- 30. Transcription vs. Translation Review Transcription Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA Occurs in the nucleus DNA mRNA Translation Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome Occurs on a Ribosome mRNA protein
Editor's Notes
- #32: Transcription occurs when DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis. Translation occurs when the sequence of the mRNA codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.