Protein Synthesis
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The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
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1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
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2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
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DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.Recently uploaded (20)
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of energy, work, and power for IGCSE Physics. It covers fundamental concepts such as the definition of work done, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, conservation of energy, efficiency, and power. The presentation also includes energy transfer, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, calculation of work done, power output, and real-life applications of energy principles. Featuring illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.Renewable energy as a sustainable solution for the future.
Renewable energy as a sustainable solution for the future.jitainbhatia10
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This ppt is generally made to make the concept of renewable energy resources more clear for the students.
Deep Learning-Driven Protein Design for Maize Improvement: AI-Guided Solution...
Deep Learning-Driven Protein Design for Maize Improvement: AI-Guided Solution...Muhammad Salman Iqbal
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Bridging AI, Synthetic Biology, and Crop Science to Address Global Food Security.
This presentation explores the transformative potential of AI-driven protein design in revolutionizing maize (corn) breeding. Learn how deep learning models like AlphaFold, ESMFold, and RFdiffusion enable rapid engineering of stress-resilient proteins for:
Disease resistance (e.g., fungal pathogens like Fusarium and Puccinia)
Drought and heat tolerance (synthetic transcription factors for root and stomatal optimization)
Nutrient efficiency (engineered phosphate/nitrogen transporters)
Enhanced photosynthesis (AI-designed carbonic anhydrases)
Key highlights:
Case studies from Cell, Science, and Nature Biotechnology (20232024) showcasing AI-designed proteins validated in field trials.
Ethical considerations and future directions for AI-guided CRISPR integration in crop improvement.
Visual summaries of protein structures, field data, and AI workflows.
Target audience: Plant scientists, agronomists, bioinformaticians, AI researchers, and students in biotechnology and agriculture.
Hashtags:
#DeepLearning #ProteinDesign #MaizeImprovement #AIinAgriculture #SustainableFarming #CropBreeding #SyntheticBiology #FoodSecurity #AlphaFold #CRISPROverview of basic statistical mechanics of NNs
Overview of basic statistical mechanics of NNsCharles Martin
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Overview of topics in the paper
A walk in the statistical mechanical formulation of neural networks (2014)
https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.5300
Audio: https://youtu.be/zIxg69Q8UTkUnits and measurements includes definition and fundamental quantities.pptx
Units and measurements includes definition and fundamental quantities.pptxDr Sarika P Patil
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Some definitions, Physical quantities, fundamental quantity are discussed in PPTBeyond Point Masses. IV. Trans-Neptunian Object Altjira Is Likely a Hierarchi...
Beyond Point Masses. IV. Trans-Neptunian Object Altjira Is Likely a Hierarchi...S辿rgio Sacani
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Dynamically studying trans-Neptunian object (TNO) binaries allows us to measure masses and orbits. Most of the known objects appear to have only two components, except (47171) Lempo, which is the single known hierarchical triple system with three similar-mass components. Though hundreds of TNOs have been imaged with high-resolution telescopes, no other hierarchical triples (or trinaries) have been found among solar system small bodies, even though they are predicted in planetesimal formation models such as gravitational collapse after the streaming instability. By going beyond the point-mass assumption and modeling TNO orbits as non-Keplerian, we open a new window into the shapes and spins of the components, including the possible presence of unresolved inner binaries. Here we present evidence for a new hierarchical triple, (148780) Altjira (2001 UQ18), based on non-Keplerian dynamical modeling of the two observed components. We incorporate two recent Hubble Space Telescope observations, leading to a 17 yr observational baseline. We present a new open-source Bayesian pointspread function fitting code called nPSF that provides precise relative astrometry and uncertainties for single images. Our non-Keplerian analysis measures a statistically significant (2.5) nonspherical shape for Altjira. The measured J2 is best explained as an unresolved inner binary, and an example hierarchical triple model gives the best fit to the observed astrometry. Using an updated non-Keplerian ephemeris (which is significantly different from the Keplerian predictions), we show that the predicted mutual event season for Altjira has already begun, with several excellent opportunities for observations through 2030.
Phospholipid signaling and it's role in stress tolerance in plant
Phospholipid signaling and it's role in stress tolerance in plantlaxmichoudhary77657
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Living cells are constantly exposed to various signals from their surroundings.
These signals can be:
Chemical: Such as hormones, pathogen signals, mating signals, and ozone.
Physical: Such as changes in light, temperature, and pressure.
To respond appropriately to these signals, cells have special proteins called receptors on their surface. These receptors detect the signals and convert them into internal messages that the cell can understand and act upon.
How Signals are Processed?
1. Signal Detection: receptors on the cell surface.
2. Transduction:
The receptor activates proteins inside the cell, which then produce molecules called "second messengers."
3. Signal Amplification and Cascades:
These second messengers amplify the signal and pass it on to other proteins, triggering a cascade of reactions.
4. Response:
The cascades can lead to changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell behavior, ultimately leading to a physiological response.
What are Phospholipids?
Structure:
Phospholipids are a type of lipid molecule that are a major component of all cell membranes.
They consist of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic (repel water) and a phosphate head that is hydrophilic (attracts water).
This unique structure allows them to form bilayers, creating the fundamental structure of cell membranes.
Where are Phospholipids Found in Plants?
Cell Membranes and plasma membranes
Phospholipids are the primary building blocks of cell membranes, including the plasma membrane and internal membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast membranes.
Blotting techniques and types of blotting .pptx
Blotting techniques and types of blotting .pptxsakshibhongal26
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Blotting techniques- types and advantages, disadvantages Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...christianagboeze2427
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SUMMARY
Based on human relationship with bacteria, virulence is one of the most important case to us. Some forms of virulence thought to arise only from the actions of bacteria are not actually caused by them but are indirectly influenced by another counterpart in the microbial mix of the ecosystem called bacteriophage; viruses that only infect prokaryotes such as bacteria but not eukaryotes. Bacteriophages preferably attack bacteria due to the lack of specific receptors for phages on eukaryotic cells which are found in bacteria e.g. peptide sequences and polysaccharide moieties in gram positive and gram negative bacteria, bacterial capsules, slime layers, flagella etc. They recognize and bind to bacteria using appropriate receptors, subsequently proceeding to inject their genome called prophage into their host. This review focuses on the most probable outcomes of phage-host interactions via the lytic and lysogenic cycles which are therapeutic effect and pathogenicity/resistance to antibiotics respectively. By lysogenic conversion or transfer of acquired genetic materials via transduction, phages can confer unusual traits such as virulence and antibiotics resistance. Important pathogenic bacteria that cause persistent and critical infections which have their pathogenicity engineered by phages include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium spp.
The prophages influence their virulence in a variety of ways which include: contribution to the production of phage-encoded toxins, modification of the bacterial envelope, mediation of bacterial infectivity, and control of bacterial cell regulation. The unwavering threat of antimicrobial resistance in global health, extreme difficulty involved in developing novel antibiotics, and the rate at which microorganisms develop resistance to newly introduced antimicrobials have sparked urgency and interest in research for effective methods to eradicate pathogenic bacteria and limit antibiotic resistance. As a result, interest in phage therapy has been reignited because of the high efficiency in detecting and killing pathogenic bacteria by phages.
Electrical Quantities and Circuits | IGCSE Physics
Electrical Quantities and Circuits | IGCSE PhysicsBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of electrical quantities and circuits for IGCSE Physics. It covers key electrical quantities, including charge, current, voltage (potential difference), resistance, power, energy, electromotive force (EMF), and internal resistance. The presentation also explains series and parallel circuits, with in-depth discussions on Ohms Law, Kirchhoffs Laws, electrical components, circuit calculations, and practical applications. Packed with illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.Preparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymis...
Preparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymis...ThrombUS+ Project
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At the BIOSTEC 2025 conference, Eleni Kaldoudi, ThrombUS+ project coordinator, presented our recent work entitled Preparing Ultrasound Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence Tasks: Anonymisation, Cropping, and Tagging. Eleni provided an overview of the application we developed to facilitate the preparation of ultrasound images, acquired via the ThrombUS+ clinical study A, for the purpose of developing AI models for automated detection of deep vein thrombosis.
About ThrombUS+:
Our interdisciplinary approach centers around creating a novel wearable diagnostic device utilizing autonomous, AI-driven DVT detection. This groundbreaking device incorporates wearable ultrasound hardware, impedance plethysmography, and light reflection rheography for early clot detection. Activity and physiological measurements will continuously assess DVT risk, supporting prevention through serious gaming. An intelligent decision support unit will provide real-time monitoring and alerts, with extended reality guiding users for optimal device utilization.
ThrombUS+ is designed for postoperative patients, those undergoing lengthy surgical procedures, cancer patients, bedridden individuals at home or in care units, and women during pregnancy and postpartum.Successful management of intussusception in a cow under double drip anaesthesia
Successful management of intussusception in a cow under double drip anaesthesiarajvet4163
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Intussusception in a crossbred cow
surgical treatment, double drip anaesthesia and complete recovery of animal with case discussion
Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE Biology
Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of variation and natural selection for IGCSE Biology. It covers key concepts such as genetic and environmental variation, types of variation (continuous and discontinuous), mutation, evolution, and the principles of natural selection. The presentation also explains Darwins theory of evolution, adaptation, survival of the fittest, selective breeding, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and speciation. With illustrative diagrams, real-life examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.
Deep Learning-Driven Protein Design for Maize Improvement: AI-Guided Solution...
Deep Learning-Driven Protein Design for Maize Improvement: AI-Guided Solution...Muhammad Salman Iqbal
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Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...christianagboeze2427
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Protein Synthesis
- 1. The Code Lets connect: These bases in a nucleotide to amino acids Every three nitrogen bases is the code for one amino acid. 3 bases code for a a 3 bases code for a a One amino acid One amino acid
- 2. Ribosomes! Ribosomes = Protein synthesis protein factory = ribosome Ribosome builds chains of amino acids nucleus cytoplasm ribosome aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa build proteins What are amino acids composed of? Okay, well how do the proteins get to the DNA in the nucleus?
- 3. Passing on DNA information from the nucleus Called protein synthesis Two steps: 1. Transcription: copying DNA code onto the RNA 2. Translation: mRNA is sent to the cytoplasm where it bonds with ribosomes to make proteins aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa nucleus cytoplasm ribosome RNA Making proteins in ribosome
- 4. mRNA Protein Synthesis DNA transcriptio n nucleus translation trait aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa protein cytoplasm FIRST: we will go over transcription! THEN: we will go over translation!
- 5. Transcription : 1. DNA unwinds and unzips 2. mRNA nucleotides match to the DNA bases 3. Single strand of mRNA is made with the DNA code 4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and carries the code to the ribosome A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A U A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A U U U U U G G A A A C C RNA polymerase C C C C C G G G G A A A A 1. 2. mRNA nucleotides 3.NOTE: T becom es U mRNA U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U ribosom e
- 7. Translation: 1. mRNA lines up in the ribosome 2. mRNAs three bases (codons) match up with tRNAs three bases (anticodons) 3. Polypeptide structure is formed 1. Amino acids are put into order and peptide bonds form 4. Protein forms and a genetic mRNA U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U mRNA is in the Ribosome tRNA GGU tRNA U A C tRNA GA C tRNA A GU mRNA codon tRNA Anticodons connect with the mRNA codonsa a a a a a a a Peptide bonds between amino acids AND PROTEIN FORMS! Genetic Trait is formed!
- 8. mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA) mRNA U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U aa aa aa tRNA GGU aa tRNA U A C aa tRNA GA C tRNA aa A GU ribosome