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A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. Lambda phage is a temperate bacteriophage that has two life cycle choices: lytic and lysogenic. During lysogeny, the lambda repressor binds to the operator region (OR) on the phage DNA and represses transcription of lytic genes, allowing the phage genome to remain dormant as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome.Trp Operon.pptx
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The trp operon controls the biosynthesis of tryptophan in E. coli. It contains 5 genes that encode enzymes for tryptophan production. The operon uses attenuation to regulate expression based on tryptophan levels. When tryptophan is low, transcription proceeds through the leader sequence. When tryptophan is high, translation is rapid and a stem loop structure forms, terminating transcription. The trp operon is a repressible system, where the effector molecule allows the repressor to bind the operator and shut down expression.Lac operon.pptx
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The document summarizes the lac operon in E. coli, which controls the breakdown of lactose. The lac operon contains 3 genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that code for enzymes involved in lactose catabolism. In the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. In the presence of lactose, it binds to the repressor and induces transcription of the structural genes. The lac operon demonstrates both negative control by the repressor and positive control through induction by lactose binding. Glucose also regulates the operon through catabolite repression involving cAMP levels.post translational modification.pptx
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Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical changes that occur to proteins after translation. PTMs regulate protein activity, localization, and interactions. The main types of PTMs are phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and methylation. Phosphorylation involves the addition of phosphate groups and is important for cell signaling. Glycosylation adds carbohydrate groups and affects protein structure. Ubiquitination tags proteins for destruction, and methylation adds methyl groups, regulating processes like gene expression. PTMs are identified through techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatographic analysis.Inhibitors of protein synthesis.pptx
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Aminoglycosides like streptomycin bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfere with initiation complex formation, inducing misreading of mRNA and breaking polysomes into monosomes. Chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the acceptor site. Tetracyclines also bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit but prevent the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex. Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and suppressing translocation of mRNA.Protein Synthesis.pptx
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Protein synthesis involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, the small and large ribosomal subunits assemble along with mRNA and tRNA to form the initiation complex. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the release of the completed protein. While the overall process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are some key differences like the number of initiation factors and whether mRNA is polycistronic or monocistronic.Ribosomes.pptx
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Ribosomes are organelles found in all cells that synthesize proteins. They consist of RNA and proteins and exist as two subunits - a smaller 30S subunit in prokaryotes and 40S in eukaryotes, and a larger 50S subunit in prokaryotes and 60S in eukaryotes. Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Errors in ribosome functioning can lead to improper protein folding and diseases.Translation Basics.ppt
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Mutation is a change in genetic material that can be caused by errors during DNA replication or DNA repair. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations. Point mutations include transitions, transversions, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations. Insertions and deletions can disrupt the genetic code. Spontaneous mutations arise naturally while induced mutations are caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or viruses. Mutations can be germline or somatic and can have different effects on protein function and the phenotype. The document provides examples of specific mutations and their effects.TELOMERE AND TELOMERASE.pdf
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This document discusses DNA replication and the central dogma. It covers the basic requirements for DNA replication including substrates, templates, enzymes, and primers. The stages of replication - initiation, elongation, and termination - are described. Key aspects of the replication process are explained, such as semi-conservative mechanism, unwinding of DNA, formation of replication forks, and bidirectional replication. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication are highlighted. Finally, various inhibitors of DNA replication are listed.Structure and function of RNA.pptx
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RNA differs from DNA in several key ways. RNA is typically single-stranded, contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and contains uracil instead of thymine. There are multiple types of RNA that serve different cellular functions, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries coding information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly according to the mRNA codon sequence. rRNA is a core component of ribosomes and facilitates protein translation.Regulatory elements of transcription.pptx
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Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes and catalyze biochemical reactions. They were first discovered in 1982 by Thomas Czech and Sidney Altman, who later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery. Ribozymes increase the rate and specificity of reactions like phosphodiester bond cleavage and peptide bond synthesis. Common types of ribozymes include self-splicing introns, RNase P, hammerhead ribozymes, and hairpin ribozymes. Artificial ribozymes can also be synthesized in the laboratory by mutating natural ribozymes.Inhibitors of transcription.pptx
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Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase, inhibiting prokaryotic transcription initiation. It selectively binds bacterial RNA polymerase without affecting eukaryotic polymerases. This allows rifampicin to be an effective treatment for bacterial infections like tuberculosis and leprosy. Alpha amanitin from death cap mushrooms potently inhibits RNA polymerase II during both transcription initiation and elongation, potentially causing death in 10 days from just one mushroom due to failure of gene expression.RNA processing and Splicing.pptx
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Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes processing in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. This involves adding a 5' cap and poly-A tail to increase stability and facilitate export. Introns are also spliced out by the spliceosome, a complex of small nuclear RNAs and proteins that cuts out introns and joins exons to form mature mRNA. Capping occurs at the 5' end shortly after transcription, while polyadenylation adds around 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end. Splicing removes intervening intron sequences by cutting and religating exons. These processing steps produce translation-competent mRNA from initial pre-mRNA transcripts.Transcription in Prokaryotes.pptx
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Prelims of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025. APM People Interest Network Conference - Tim Lyons - The neurological levels ...
APM People Interest Network Conference - Tim Lyons - The neurological levels ...Association for Project Management
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APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
-Autonomy, Teams and Tension: Projects under stress
-Tim Lyons
-The neurological levels of
team-working: Harmony and tensions
With a background in projects spanning more than 40 years, Tim Lyons specialised in the delivery of large, complex, multi-disciplinary programmes for clients including Crossrail, Network Rail, ExxonMobil, Siemens and in patent development. His first career was in broadcasting, where he designed and built commercial radio station studios in Manchester, Cardiff and Bristol, also working as a presenter and programme producer. Tim now writes and presents extensively on matters relating to the human and neurological aspects of projects, including communication, ethics and coaching. He holds a Master’s degree in NLP, is an NLP Master Practitioner and International Coach. He is the Deputy Lead for APM’s People Interest Network.
Session | The Neurological Levels of Team-working: Harmony and Tensions
Understanding how teams really work at conscious and unconscious levels is critical to a harmonious workplace. This session uncovers what those levels are, how to use them to detect and avoid tensions and how to smooth the management of change by checking you have considered all of them.
Kaun TALHA quiz Finals -- El Dorado 2025
Kaun TALHA quiz Finals -- El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
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Finals of Kaun TALHA : a Travel, Architecture, Lifestyle, Heritage and Activism quiz, organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025. 
Digital Tools with AI for e-Content Development.pptx
Digital Tools with AI for e-Content Development.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
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This ppt is useful for not only for B.Ed., M.Ed., M.A. (Education) or any other PG level students or Ph.D. scholars but also for the school, college and university teachers who are interested to prepare an e-content with AI for their students and others.Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025
Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
Ìý
Kaun TALHA quiz Prelims - El Dorado 2025
Kaun TALHA quiz Prelims - El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
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Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Prelims - El Dorado 2025
Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Prelims - El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
Ìý
APM People Interest Network Conference - Tim Lyons - The neurological levels ...
APM People Interest Network Conference - Tim Lyons - The neurological levels ...Association for Project Management
Ìý
Kaun TALHA quiz Finals -- El Dorado 2025
Kaun TALHA quiz Finals -- El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
Ìý