Tsetse flies
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The document provides information about the tsetse fly. It discusses the scientific classification of the tsetse fly, its life cycle involving viviparity, and its role as a vector for African trypanosomiasis in humans and animals. Prevention methods include wearing protective clothing, inspecting vehicles, and avoiding bushes. Control involves land clearing, pesticide use, sterile insect techniques, and drug treatments depending on the disease stage.
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Tsetse flies
- 1. In The Name Of ALLAH The Most Beneficent And Merciful. 1
- 2. Submitted To:- Dr. Shahid Hanif Submitted By:- Shehzad Pervaiz (AGL-15-27) Taha Yaseen (AGL-15-40) Entomology 5th Semester COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BHAUDIN ZIKRIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN SUB-CAMPUS LAYYAH 2
- 3. 3 Tsetse Fly
- 4. Topic Contents: Scientific Classification Introduction Life Cycle Host And Disease Symptoms Prevention Control 4
- 5. Scientific Classification:5 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Glossinidae (Theobald, 1903) Genus: Glossina (Wiedemann, 1830) Species Group: Morsitans (savannah) Fusca (Forest) Palpalis (Riverine) Glossina Fusca https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly
- 6. Introduction: Also known as tik-tik flies. Having size of 615mm in length. They occur only in tropical Africa and are important as vectors of African trypanosomiasis(protozoa) in both humans and animals. The tsetse are obligate parasites that live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse also have a long proboscis, which extends directly forward. Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by observed features. Tsetse fold their wings completely when they are resting so that one wing rests directly on top of the other over their abdomens. Fossilized tsetse have been recovered from the Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado laid down some 34 million years ago. 6 Folded Wings Probosics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly
- 7. Life Cycle: Tsetse have an unusual lifecycle which may be due to the richness of their food source. A female fertilizes only one egg at a time and retains each egg within her uterus to have the offspring develop internally during the first three larval stages (adenotrophic viviparity). During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus. In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva leaves the uterus and begins its independent life. The newly independent tsetse larva crawls into the ground, and develops a hard outer shell called the puparial case, in which it completes its morphological transformation into an adult fly. Typically producing 4 generations per year. 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly#Life_cycle http://eol.org/pages/56214/details
- 8. Host And Disease: The tsetse-vectored trypanosomiases affect various vertebrate species including humans, antelopes, bovine cattle, camels, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. Sleeping sickness: Two different types of human sleeping sickness are caused by different subspecies of trypanosome parasites. Gambiense sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) is generally considered to be a chronic disease and is found mostly in West and Central Africa Hodesiense sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) is an acute disease that occurs mainly in East Africa. In domestic animals: Animal trypanosomiasis, it occurs in cattle or horses. These diseases reduce the growth rate, milk productivity, and strength of farm animals, generally leading to the eventual death of the infected animals. 8
- 9. Symptoms: A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can develop into a red sore, also called a chancre. Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles and joints are common symptoms of sleeping sickness. Some people develop a skin rash. Progressive confusion, personality changes, and other neurologic problems occur after infection has invaded the central nervous system. If left untreated, infection becomes worse and death will occur within months. 9 https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/gen_info/faqs-east.html Skin Rashes
- 11. Prevention: Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants. Tsetse flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and they can bite through lightweight clothing. Inspect vehicles before entering. The flies are attracted to the motion and dust from moving vehicles. Avoid bushes. The tsetse fly is less active during the hottest part of the day but will bite if disturbed. Use insect repellent. 11 https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/prevent.html
- 12. Control: Land clearing: Early technique involved complete removal of brush and woody vegetation from an area. Tsetse tend to rest on the trunks of trees so removing woody vegetation made the area inhospitable to the flies. Pesticide campaigns: Pesticides have been used to control tsetse starting initially during the early part of the twentieth century in localized efforts using the inorganic metal-based pesticides, expanding after the Second World War into massive aerial- and ground- based campaigns with organo-chlorine pesticides such as DDT(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) applied as aerosol sprays at Ultra-Low Volume rates(Fogging). Sterile insect technique: Sterilization of female or male to produce eggs(unfertilized) or sperms respectively. 12
- 13. Control: Cont Drug Treatment: The type of treatment depends on the stage of the disease. Drugs used in first stage treatment: Pentamidine (for T. b. gambiense only) Suramin (Antrypol) Drugs used in second stage treatment: Eflornithine (for T. b. gambiense only) Melarsoprol Nifurtimox Some people may receive a combination of these medicines. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy(NECT) is now the WHO's recommended course. 13 http://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Community-Health/Sleeping-Sickness.html
- 14. 14 Thank You