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- 3. INTRODUCTION Sociology of education is that branch of knowledge which trees to control social forces through the educative process going on in the family, school, play group. mosque etc. It analyses and utilises the educative process that influence the development of personality in order to transform the individual for desirable social ends.
- 4. Sociological methods and Models Sociology is the study of social relationships among people who live together. When people live together. They form a society where there are some common interests, mutual help. give and take, duties or division of labour for the good of all as each is in need of others. The society is composed of men. women and children living together from one generation to another according to some traditions, ways of life or conventions, beliefs which are passed on to the succeeding generations. It can be delineated into four methods i.e. Historical, empirical, analytical and scientific methods.
- 5. Cont Historical Method Through this method we consider the thoughts of the founding fathers' books and researches. These are accepted as the main pillars of sociology. There are Auguste Comte, Emil Durkheim, Herbert Spencer and Max Weber. Their work on sociology covers the whole nineteenth and twentieth century. Every one of them played a considerable part in the developing stage of sociology as an intellectual discipline. Empirical Method In this method sociology is considered as a collection of sub-disciplines that deal with institutions and social process. Current sociological books and writings of modern writers are the examples of empirical method.
- 6. Cont Analytical Method Reason is applied in this method to divide and delimit some larger subject matter and allocate it among various branches of knowledge. Social act is the smallest unit of which sociological analysis is applied. It is directly visible action which has a reasonably clear meaning for both the actor and others with whom he is in contact. Scientific Method A scientist is concerned to be engaged in the study of electronics, molecules, viruses, cells, rocks, stars, skeletons or skulls and is confined in laboratories with his instruments of study like microscope, telescope etc.
- 7. Cont Relativism It means that conclusions drawn are never taken as permanent, final and absolute truths. The scientists believe that the theories held today are open to question tomorrow. Science itself is self-correcting, Its theories are not so sacred and its conclusions not so final. Ethical Neutrality Science does not preach. It does not ask a man whether to become a physician or a carpenter, whether to make an atom bomb or an antimissile device. There are issues with which science is not concerned. Problems of this kind are out of the scope of science.
- 8. Sociology as a Science According to Auguste Comte and Durkheim, Sociology is a science because it adopts and applies the scientific method. Sociology does make use of scientific methods in the study of its subject matter. Hence Sociology is a science.
- 9. Interaction of Institutions Social interaction occurs when two or more people take account of each other and modify their behaviour accordingly. When individuals interact, they develop shared meanings about the world that forms' the basis of culture. Social interaction is also the mechanism by which the values and norms of an existing culture are transmitted from generation to generation. Interaction is important because it is the basis of social order. By orienting their behaviour to one another and by considering other people's reaction to them, people develop and understanding of behaviour.
- 10. Types of Interaction Cooperative It is a form of interaction in which people strive for a common goal and depend on each other. Cooperation can be demanded by a higher authority or is agreed upon by equal partners. Competition It is another form of social interaction. In competition participants seek the same limited goals and agree to abide by certain rules in their efforts to achieve that goal.
- 11. Types of Relationships in Interaction Domination and Subordination Symbolic Interaction Facial Expressions Physical Gestures Points to Remember
- 12. Family Socialization and Stratification Societies include a number of institutions of transmitting their culture to children ad youth. The most important institutions in many societies have been the mosque, the peer groups, the school, and of course the family and also the mass media which has emerged to play a major part in socialisation. Changes and trends in the structure and characteristics of the contemporary family also have important implications for the child's educational development and for his success in school.
- 13. Cont Increase in Working Methods The percentage of working mothers has been increasing steadily. The trend toward greater female participation in labour force is expected to continue. The reason is better opportunities for women, family financial pressure and changes in older cultural attitudes and patterns that dictated that mothers stay at home.
- 14. Religious Institutions Religion as a part of society gives common beliefs and practices which are acquired by each individual as a member of the society he belongs to. The relationship of people with God and worship of God is public matter and is supported by the community. In Islam it is communal in character. The collective rituals (e.g. 'Namaz', fasting, Haj) give expressions to shared beliefs and reinforce the adherents devotion to the ends of society. Identification with other persons of the same religion is also strengthened.
- 15. Religion is functional on account of five things It offers through its system of supernatural beliefs, an explanation of the society's ends and justification of their principles. It provides through its collective rituals, a means for constant renewal of common sentiments. It supplies a reference for the values and reinforcement for all persons who share the same values. It provides an ultimate and insuperable source of rewards and punishments i.e. reward for good and punishment for bad conduct. Religion makes a unique contribution to social integration.
- 16. Religion and Personality Religion is instrumental in orgamsmg healthy traits of personality. Each individual has certain aspirations related to his life goals. These goals are motivating force which channelise his energies. These goals are dependent to a large extent on cultural norms and values. The goals like the relieving of human sufferings, propagation of faith, brotherly feelings for fellows of the faith acquire importance. These goals when realised give a sense of moral achievement. Traits of self-esteem, or self-affection or sympathy for others are developed.
- 17. The Peer Group as an Institution Family is the first and most basic of the primary groups with which a child is associated. peer group interactions soon become frequent-the playgroup for the small child and the teenage clique for the adolescent. The peer group provides significant learning experience in how to interact with others. Functions of Peer Group Peer Culture and the School Friendship Patterns Participation in Extra Curricular Activities
- 18. The School as a Social and Cultural System Aspects of School Culture Each school has its own sub-culture-the set of values and behaviours that it reinforces and rewards. Education in school, compared with that in the family or peer group is carried on in relatively formal ways. Groupings are formed not by voluntary choices but according to age, aptitudes and by sex. Culture of Classroom
- 19. Television and other Media Other formal agencies share in socialising the child. but their influence today is generally much less then that of family, peer group and school. However, the mass media, especially television, are extremely effective in shaping the attitude and behaviour of children as well as those of adults. A Second School System TV and Aggressive behavior Positive Aspects
- 20. Educational Goals Child holistic development Command of the fundamental process Home membership Vocation Citizenship Ethical character
- 21. School Functions and Role of Teacher The school is the stretched arm of the family and the child goes to school with the same basic needs to be satisfied for his proper growth. In the school there are also human relationship between children themselves, between children and the teachers or heads and other personnel working in the school, which determine the socialisation of individual children. Role of Teacher
- 22. Conclusion The sociology of education involves the study of educational institutions. In fact socialisation in the first few years of life occurs as a result of interaction of children with their parents. School is another important agent of socialisation, because formal education is needed to do most jobs. Schools also instil the cultural values and norms such as patriotism, discipline and hard work. Children's self-images are influenced by the way their teachers and peers respond to them. Peer group is important to play part in socialisation of children and adults. Mass media, which include television. radio. movies. magazines and newspapers, is a strong agent of socialisation, which has both positive and negative effects.